The thesis presents a pragmatic analysis focused on the repertoire of communicative intents in the speech of a child from the 23rd to the 29th month of its life. The work is based on a case study of one child. The theoretical part of the work in chapters 1-3 is based on the study of literature, especially the literature of communication intentions, pragmatic functions and their expression and relevant literature of language and communication of 2 years old children. Before the start of recording we have obtained informed consent from the parents of a child whose communication were analysed. Basic material for the analysis are the video recordings of family communication of the child in various situations, the material was supplemented by observations and interviews with parents. Video recordings are transcribed according to the principles of CHAT (corpus CHILDES) and then (in chapters 4 and 5) is analysed in terms of recorded communication situations and communicative intents expressed by a child. The results of our work we compare with the results in existing literature.

La réalité virtuelle joue un rôle majeur dans le développement de nouvelles technologies de l’éducation, et permet de développer des environnements virtuels pour l’apprentissage, dans lesquels, des agents virtuels intelligents jouent le rôle de tuteur. Ces agents sont censés aider les utilisateurs humains à apprendre et appliquer des procédures ayant des objectifs d’apprentissage prédéfini dans différents domaines. Nous travaillons sur la construction d’un système temps-réel capable d’entamer une interaction naturelle avec un utilisateur dans un Environnement d’Apprentissage Virtuel (EAV). Afin d’implémenter ce modèle, nous proposons d’utiliser MASCARET (Multi-Agent System for Collaborative, Adaptive & Realistic Environments for Training) comme modèle d’Environnement Virtuel Intelligent (EVI) afin de représenter la base de connaissances des agents, et de modéliser la sémantique de l’environnement virtuel et des activités des utilisateurs. Afin de formaliser l’intention des agents, nous implémentons un module cognitif dans MASCARET inspiré par l’architecture BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) qui nous permet de générer des intentions de haut-niveau pour les agents. Dans notre modèle, ces agents sont représentés par des Agents Conversationnels Animés (ACA), qui sont basés sur la plateforme SAIBA (Situation, Agent, Intention, Behavior, Animation). Les agents conversationnels de l’environnement ont des intentions communicatives qui sont transmises à l’utilisateur via des canaux de communication naturels, notamment les actes communicatifs et les comportements verbaux et non-verbaux. Afin d’évaluer notre modèle, nous l’implémentons dans un scénario pédagogique concret pour l’apprentissage des procédures d’analyse de sang dans un laboratoire biomédical. Nous utilisons cette application afin de réaliser une expérimentation et une étude pour valider les propositions de notre modèle. L’hypothèse de notre étude est de supposer que la présence d’un ACA dans un Environnement Virtuel (EV) améliore la performance du processus d’apprentissage (ou qu’au moins, ça ne le dégrade pas) dans le contexte de l’apprentissage d’une procédure spécifique. La performance de l’utilisateur est représentée par le temps requis pour l’exécution de la procédure, le nombre d’erreurs commises et le nombre de demande d’assistance. Nous analysons les résultats de cette évaluation, ce qui confirme partiellement l’hypothèse de l’expérience et affirme que la présence de l’ACA dans l’EV ne dégrade pas la performance de l’apprenant dans le contexte de l’apprentissage d’une procédure. / Virtual Reality plays a major role in developing new educational methodologies, and allows to develop virtual environments for learning where intelligent virtual agents play the role of tutors. These agents are expected to help human users to learn and apply domain-specific procedures with predefined learning outcomes. We work on building a real-time system able to sustain natural interaction with the user in a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). To implement this model, we propose to use the Multi-Agent System for Collaborative, Adaptive & Realistic Environments for Training (MASCARET) as an Intelligent Virtual Environment (IVE) model that provides the knowledge base to the agents and model the semantic of the virtual environment and user’s activities. To formalize the intention of the agents, we implement a cognitive module within MASCARET inspired by BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) architecture that permits us to generate high-level intentions for the agents. Furthermore, we integrate Embodied Conversational Agents (ECA), which are based on the SAIBA (Situation, Agent, Intention, Behavior, Animation) framework. The embodied agents of the environment have communicative intentions that are transmitted to the user through natural communication channels, namely the verbal and non-verbal communicative acts and behaviors of the ECAs. To evaluate our model, we implement it in a concrete pedagogical scenario for learning blood analysis procedures in a biomedical laboratory. We use this application to settle an experiment to validate the propositions of our model. The hypothesis of this experiment is to assume that the presence of anECA in a Virtual Environment (VE) enhances the learning performance (or at least does not degrade it) in the context of a learning procedure. The performance is represented by the time of execution, the number of committed errors and the number of requests for assistance. We analyze the results of this evaluation, which partially confirms the hypothesis of the experiment and assure that having an ECA in the VLE does not degrade the performance of the learner in the context of a learning procedure.

The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of linguistic tools typical for French political discourse. The thesis is based on an analysis of selected political speeches of former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. It tries to capture how a change in a specific political situation of a particular author can affect communicative strategies, discursive practices, and then select the linguistic tools due to the addressee in a particular communicative situation and the communicative intention. The first part of the thesis is focused on the rhetoric and stylistics, which contribute to the typological definition of texts falling within the French political discourse. The second part is based on an analysis of three essential political speeches Nicolas Sarkozy.

El Trastorno del Espectro Autista es una condición que genera dificultades en el aspecto social de la persona que lo padece debido a que sus habilidades, principalmente las comunicativas, se ven afectadas en distintos niveles en cada caso; motivo por el cual se afirma que los tratamientos para ello resultan más efectivos mientras se realicen en el periodo de infancia temprana del paciente. Existen múltiples tratamientos convencionales y alternativos, y en estos últimos mencionados se encuentra aquél que utiliza la música como recurso principal. En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo ha consistido en analizar el concepto, características, tipos de tratamientos y beneficios de los tratamientos con música para niños que padecen de TEA. Para ello, se ha realizado una amplia revisión de varios artículos y trabajos de investigación realizados por distintos profesionales, especialistas y estudiantes a nivel mundial. Se concluye el presente trabajo afirmando la efectividad de los tratamientos con música en niños con TEA por encima de otros tratamientos alternativos y convencionales, ya que los beneficios que esta aporta se ven reflejados en un incremento notable y prologando de la intención comunicativa estos, así como en un mayor manejo de su lenguaje y vocabulario. Sin embargo, existen factores que impiden el aprovechamiento total de los beneficios terapéuticos, los cuales deben ser solucionados para lograr una aplicación responsable del tratamiento en beneficio del desarrollo integral de los niños. Estos factores son la escasa formación de los profesionales y el uso de espacios inadecuados carentes de recursos para las sesiones. / Autism Spectrum Disorder is a condition that generates difficulties in the social aspect of people because their abilities, mainly communicative skills, are affected at different levels in each case; this is why it is stated that the treatments for this are more effective while they are carried out in the early childhood period of the patient. There are multiple conventional and alternative treatments, and inside the latest mentioned there is one that uses music as its main resource. In this sense, the research objective has been to analyze the concept, characteristics, types of treatments and benefits of music treatments for children that suffer from ASD. To do this, it has been done an extensive review of several articles and research work carried out by different professionals, specialists and students worldwide. The present work is concluded by affirming the effectiveness of music treatments in children with ASD over other alternative and conventional treatments because the benefits that this provides are reflected in a notable and prolonged increase of the communicative intention of these ones, as well as in a better use of their language and vocabulary. However, there are factors that prevent the full use of the therapeutic benefits which must be solved to achieve a responsible application of the treatment for the benefit of the integral development of children. These factors are the lack of prepared professionals and the use of inadequate spaces that lack of resources for sessions. / Trabajo de investigación