As a Marxist contribution to research on the concept of religious diaspora, this paper seeks to explore whether Muslims can be understood as a nationally oppressed people with an economic basis for organising collectively as a group. Drawing from a Marxist analysis of religion and national struggle, the paper seeks to explore the concept of an ethnicity formation premised on religious affiliation, namely that of the Muslim Ummah, and its organisational potential within a national struggle paradigm. Utilising the Hegelian Marxist concept of Aufhebung, or dialectical return, the study resituates the parameters of anti-colonial struggle beyond nation to the transnational arena, recapturing the economic basis of the Ummah and enabling an understanding of its contemporary emergence within and alongside national struggle mobilisations at both localised and transnational levels.