Notre thèse se présente sous le titre : « La citoyenneté libanaise aux prises avec les médias, nouveaux et traditionnels, face aux conflits religieux et communautaires ; une amplification ou une réduction des fractures ?». Notre thèse est avant tout une question posée sur le pluriculturalisme qui constitue la société libanaise, qui la spécifie, et qui représente une richesse socioculturelle et sociopolitique qui intéresse les Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Les médias audiovisuels, électroniques (sites web, journaux électroniques, blogs internet, etc.) seront la source susceptible d’alimenter toutes ces facettes culturelles, politiques, économiques, ethniques, religieuses, etc. Depuis longtemps la réalité confessionnelle politisée libanaise est imprégnée plus ou moins sensiblement par les médias traditionnels, et récemment les nouveaux médias ou sites web. La structure libanaise de la citoyenneté serait basée en priorité sur quatre conditions fondamentales : communauté, médias, citoyens, Etat. Le citoyen libanais appartient par nature à une communauté dans laquelle il est lié aux autres par les liens de la religion et de la confession, ce qui donne au Libanais un sentiment particulier d’appartenance identitaire. De ce fait, cette communauté religieuse, cherche toujours à s’auto – défendre et à s’exprimer afin de préserver son existence et sa continuité, et les médias peuvent jouer un rôle majeur en ce sens : chaque communauté possède son média qui constitue son porte – parole. C’est ainsi, que la communauté médiatisée avec tous ses rites et convictions politico – communautaires, occupe le premier rang des préoccupations des Libanais, alors que les principes citoyenneté – Etat pour un grand nombre de Libanais, occupent un rang secondaire.C’est dans ce domaine que nous allons analyser au cours de notre recherche, le versant contemporain de l’opinion publique grâce au regard des technologies numériques et digitales, de la communication médiatisée, ainsi que la vision politico-sociale présentée par les quotidiens. / The title of our thesis is: “The Lebanese citizenship grappling with the new and traditional Medias, facing religious and community conflicts; amplifications or reductions of fractures?” Our thesis in the first place is a question asked about multiculturalism which constitutes the Lebanese society, specifies it, and represents sociocultural and sociopolitical wealth which interests the Information and Communication Sciences. The Audiovisual and Electronic Media (Web Sites, Electronic Newspapers, Internet Blogs, etc.) will be the source likely to feed all these cultural, political, economic, ethnic and religious faces.Since a long time, the Lebanese politically confessional reality is more or less impregnated by the traditional Media, and recently the new Media or Web Sites.The Lebanese structure of citizenship would be based in priority on four fundamental conditions: Community, Media, Citizen and State. The Lebanese Citizen belongs by nature to a community in which he is bound to others by bonds of religion which gives the Lebanese a particular feeling of identity. Thereby, the religious community, always seeks to defend itself and to express itself in order to preserve its existence and its continuity, and this is done by the Media: each community has its own media, which is its spokesperson. Thus, the community mediatized with all its rites and political-community convictions occupy the forefront of Lebanese concerns. While the principles of citizenships and state for a large number of Lebanese occupy the secondary rank.It is in this area that we will analyze during our research the contemporary face of public opinion possibly enlightened by the new technology of communication, the opinion mediatized as well as the politico-social vision presented by the daily newspapers.

The opening of the refugee camp in Dowa by the Malawi Government, with support from UNHCR meant that the population of that area was increased abruptly. This led to an increase in socio- economic activities resulting into high demand of energy, food and other amenities from the natural environment. The impact of the refugees on the host community and their relationship was central in this research. The main aim of the study was to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts for hosting refugees at the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Dowa. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in data collection. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. In total, 237 household heads and 6 key informants were interviewed. In addition, 4 focus group discussions were conducted. Qualitative data, collected through focus group discussions helped in explaining and understanding the results from the questionnaire. The most evident environmental impacts reported by respondents were: deforestation and firewood depletion; land degradation and water pollution. It is important to note that such environmental impacts can affect the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and host population. The camp establishment has had socio-economic impacts regarded as positive by the majority of the respondents. Although most hosts still struggle to survive, the camp has created a larger market for generating income and better opportunities to provide basic needs such as food and water. The majority of host respondents use the refugee camp for providing livelihoods. Most respondents reported that refugees are regularly benefitting from privileged access to resources unavailable to the local host population. In this respect, refugees at Dzaleka were offered opportunities for education, literacy, vocational training, health and basic livelihood. The most reported negative social impacts are exposure to more conflicts and increased insecurity. Both of these impacts relate to the relationship between the host community and refugee population. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)