It is generally accepted that the environment has three inter-dependent components: economic, socio-political and natural Consequently, integrated environmental management coupled with sustainable development is critical, and in order to achieve this goal, effective guidelines and implementable legislation are necessary. This evaluation aims to determine and compare the effectiveness of the South African and Malawian environmental impact assessment (EIA) legislation, using the comparative criteria set out by Wood (1995, 2003), and accordingly to determine whether any further amendments are necessary to improve the effectiveness of these countries' EIA systems. In the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, it is particularly important that environmental legislation and policies are aligned across borders, to allow for better integration of these economies. The alignment of EIA systems in the SADC region could enhance regional sustainable development if managed using similar criteria. The primary objective of this study is to compare the EIA legislation of South Africa and Malawi using Wood's (1995, 1999, 2003) 14-point evaluation criteria. The effectiveness and not the implementation and practice of the legislation is being compared. The secondary objective of this study is to determine whether Wood and Roux's recommendations have been incorporated into the South African National Environmental Management Amendment Act 8 of 2004 and the January 2005 draft EIA regulations, and whether South African legislation meets Wood's 14 criteria for a sound EIA system. In the South African evaluation, 11 of Wood's 14 criteria are met, while an additional two criteria are partially met and one criterion is failed, resulting in an overall improvement in the South African EIA system. The Malawian EIA legislation meets 11 of Wood's 14 criteria, with three criteria being partially met, in principle making it more effective than the South African EIA legislation. However, although Malawi theoretically has a slightly more effective EIA legislation than South Africa, in practice this is not the case. Ideally, when South Africa's updated EIA legislation is published it will meet with all 14 of Wood's criteria for an effective EIA system based on international standards. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a citotoxicidade in vitro dos solventes utilizados em terapia de retratamento endodôntico: óleo de casca de laranja, eucaliptol, xilol, clorofórmio e halotano através da avaliação da citotoxicidade de cada solvente em diferentes concentrações finais e condições de contato com as células de fibroblastos de linhagem NIH 3T3. O experimento foi dividido em 4 etapas: etapa 1- os solventes foram misturados em meio de cultura (DMEM) nas concentrações finais de 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 e 100% e depositados sobre a cultura de células para o tempo de 5 minutos; etapa 2-os solventes foram misturados em meio de cultura nas concentrações finais de 0, 10 e 25% e depositados sobre a cultura de células para os tempos de 10 e 15 minutos; etapa 3a- os solventes foram depositados sobre as células de fibroblastos (contato direto) e acrescido de meio de cultura; etapa 3b-onde os fibroblastos receberam o meio de cultura e sobre este depositado os solventes testes (contato indireto) nas concentrações finais de 0, 5 e 10% para o tempo de 5 minutos; etapa 4- os solventes foram previamente solubilizados com o álcool absoluto na proporção de 1:1 e depois misturados ao meio de cultura na concentração final de 5% para o tempo de 5 minutos. A avaliação foi realizada pela contagem celular através de método de exclusão de células coradas pelo azul Trypan. Os resultados obtidos nos permitiram concluir que todos os solventes testados são citotóxicos in vitro, sendo que o óleo de laranja foi o menos tóxico, ao permitir alguma viabilidade celular. Observou-se ainda que o preparo prévio dos solventes influenciou no percentual de células viáveis. / SUMMARY The aim of this study was to compare in vitro solvents used in endodontic retreatment therapy: orange oil, eucalyptol, xylene, chloroform and halothane through cytotoxicity evaluation of each solvent in different final concentration and contact conditions to NIH 3T3 fibroblasts cells lines. The experiment was divided in four stages: stage 1- the solvents were mixed in culture medium (DMEM) in final concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100% placed on the cells in culture for periods of 5 minutes; stage 2- the solvents were mixed in culture medium in finals concentrations of 0, 10 and 25% placed on the cells in culture for periods of 10 and 15 minutes; stage 3a- the solvents were placed on the fibroblasts cells (direct contact) and added culture medium; stage 3b- the fibroblasts cells get first culture medium and after that solvents were placed (indirect contact), in bouth the finals concentrations were 0, 5 and 10% for periods of 5 minutes; stage 4- solvents were previously solubilized in absolut alcohol in 1:1 proportion and mixed in culture medium in 5% final concentration for periods of 5 minutes. The evaluation were achieved by cellular counting through dyed exclusion method-Trypan blue. The results showed that all solvents were toxic in vitro, and orange oil was less toxic and it allowed some cellular viability. And we could observe that a previous solvents preparation influenced in the viable cells percentage.

It is generally accepted that the environment has three inter-dependent components: economic, socio-political and natural Consequently, integrated environmental management coupled with sustainable development is critical, and in order to achieve this goal, effective guidelines and implementable legislation are necessary. This evaluation aims to determine and compare the effectiveness of the South African and Malawian environmental impact assessment (EIA) legislation, using the comparative criteria set out by Wood (1995, 2003), and accordingly to determine whether any further amendments are necessary to improve the effectiveness of these countries' EIA systems. In the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, it is particularly important that environmental legislation and policies are aligned across borders, to allow for better integration of these economies. The alignment of EIA systems in the SADC region could enhance regional sustainable development if managed using similar criteria. The primary objective of this study is to compare the EIA legislation of South Africa and Malawi using Wood's (1995, 1999, 2003) 14-point evaluation criteria. The effectiveness and not the implementation and practice of the legislation is being compared. The secondary objective of this study is to determine whether Wood and Roux's recommendations have been incorporated into the South African National Environmental Management Amendment Act 8 of 2004 and the January 2005 draft EIA regulations, and whether South African legislation meets Wood's 14 criteria for a sound EIA system. In the South African evaluation, 11 of Wood's 14 criteria are met, while an additional two criteria are partially met and one criterion is failed, resulting in an overall improvement in the South African EIA system. The Malawian EIA legislation meets 11 of Wood's 14 criteria, with three criteria being partially met, in principle making it more effective than the South African EIA legislation. However, although Malawi theoretically has a slightly more effective EIA legislation than South Africa, in practice this is not the case. Ideally, when South Africa's updated EIA legislation is published it will meet with all 14 of Wood's criteria for an effective EIA system based on international standards. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Η Διδακτική των Φυσικών Επιστημών προέκυψε από την ανάγκη για οικοδόμηση νέων διδακτικών προσεγγίσεων, εναρμονισμένων με τις σύγχρονες επιστημονικές και παιδαγωγικές αντιλήψεις. Η Ελλάδα αποτέλεσε φυσικά χώρο υποδοχής της Διδακτικής των Φυσικών Επιστημών με μια πληθώρα ερευνητικών ομάδων να εμφανίζονται τα τελευταία 25 χρόνια. Η υπόθεση πάνω στην οποία βασίστηκε η παρούσα μελέτη είναι η απουσία συνεργασίας μεταξύ των ελληνικών ομάδων Διδακτικής Φυσικών Επιστημών. Για τον έλεγχο της υπόθεσης αναλύθηκαν βιβλιομετρικά δεδομένα από τις ελληνικές δημοσιεύσεις των σημαντικότερων ομάδων Διδακτικής στα πρακτικά των συνεδρίων που έλαβαν χώρα από το 1997 έως το 2009. Τα αποτελέσματα της συγκριτικής αυτής αξιολόγησης έδωσαν στοιχεία τόσο για την ερευνητική δραστηριότητα και τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά κάθε ομάδας όσο και για τον βαθμό συνεργασίας αυτών των ομάδων στον Ελλαδικό χώρο. Η μελέτη των αποτελεσμάτων ανέδειξε την απουσία συνεργασίας των ελληνικών ομάδων Διδακτικής των Φυσικών Επιστημών, γεγονός που δεν δικαιολογείται από την διαφορετική ερευνητική δυναμική και τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά κάθε ομάδας. / Science Education arose from the need to build new teaching approaches, harmonized with modern scientific and pedagogical ideas. Science education reached Greece and a variety of research groups appeared over the last 25 years. The hypothesis, on which the present study is based, is the absence of cooperation between the Greek research groups of Science Education. To control the hypothesis, bibliometric data of the Greek publications of the major groups from all conferences that took place from 1997 to 2009 were analyzed. The results of this comparative evaluation provided information for both the research activity and the qualitative characteristics of each group and the degree of cooperation among these groups in Greece. The study of the results has revealed the absence of cooperation of the Greek science education groups, which is not justified by the different research dynamic and qualitative characteristics of each group.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a citotoxicidade in vitro dos solventes utilizados em terapia de retratamento endodôntico: óleo de casca de laranja, eucaliptol, xilol, clorofórmio e halotano através da avaliação da citotoxicidade de cada solvente em diferentes concentrações finais e condições de contato com as células de fibroblastos de linhagem NIH 3T3. O experimento foi dividido em 4 etapas: etapa 1- os solventes foram misturados em meio de cultura (DMEM) nas concentrações finais de 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 e 100% e depositados sobre a cultura de células para o tempo de 5 minutos; etapa 2-os solventes foram misturados em meio de cultura nas concentrações finais de 0, 10 e 25% e depositados sobre a cultura de células para os tempos de 10 e 15 minutos; etapa 3a- os solventes foram depositados sobre as células de fibroblastos (contato direto) e acrescido de meio de cultura; etapa 3b-onde os fibroblastos receberam o meio de cultura e sobre este depositado os solventes testes (contato indireto) nas concentrações finais de 0, 5 e 10% para o tempo de 5 minutos; etapa 4- os solventes foram previamente solubilizados com o álcool absoluto na proporção de 1:1 e depois misturados ao meio de cultura na concentração final de 5% para o tempo de 5 minutos. A avaliação foi realizada pela contagem celular através de método de exclusão de células coradas pelo azul Trypan. Os resultados obtidos nos permitiram concluir que todos os solventes testados são citotóxicos in vitro, sendo que o óleo de laranja foi o menos tóxico, ao permitir alguma viabilidade celular. Observou-se ainda que o preparo prévio dos solventes influenciou no percentual de células viáveis. / SUMMARY The aim of this study was to compare in vitro solvents used in endodontic retreatment therapy: orange oil, eucalyptol, xylene, chloroform and halothane through cytotoxicity evaluation of each solvent in different final concentration and contact conditions to NIH 3T3 fibroblasts cells lines. The experiment was divided in four stages: stage 1- the solvents were mixed in culture medium (DMEM) in final concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100% placed on the cells in culture for periods of 5 minutes; stage 2- the solvents were mixed in culture medium in finals concentrations of 0, 10 and 25% placed on the cells in culture for periods of 10 and 15 minutes; stage 3a- the solvents were placed on the fibroblasts cells (direct contact) and added culture medium; stage 3b- the fibroblasts cells get first culture medium and after that solvents were placed (indirect contact), in bouth the finals concentrations were 0, 5 and 10% for periods of 5 minutes; stage 4- solvents were previously solubilized in absolut alcohol in 1:1 proportion and mixed in culture medium in 5% final concentration for periods of 5 minutes. The evaluation were achieved by cellular counting through dyed exclusion method-Trypan blue. The results showed that all solvents were toxic in vitro, and orange oil was less toxic and it allowed some cellular viability. And we could observe that a previous solvents preparation influenced in the viable cells percentage.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP