Based on the Umbilical Cord system, this project enriches the Ubiquitous Computing system with a Free Roaming system. This Free Roaming consists of a distributed authentication system, a data caching system and a communication system between them. It allows user to roam within this system and access his data everywhere. Together with the Umbilical Cord system, a Ubiquitous Computing system is functionally completed as a prototype, and is ready to be deployed into the Internet.

This thesis examines the emergent legal concept of digital identity under the United Kingdom National Identity Scheme ('NIS') and its Australian counterpart, the Access Card Scheme('ACS') proposed in 2007. The Identity Cards Act 2006 UK c 15 ('Identity Cards Act’) and the Human Services (Enhanced Service Delivery) Bill (Cth) 2007 ('Access Card Bill') reveal a remarkably similar concept of identity in terms of its constitution and especially its functions. The United Kingdom scheme is currently being established, whereas the proposed Australian Scheme has been shelved following a change of government late in 2007. The NIS is therefore used as the model for this study but the analysis applies to any such scheme based on digital technology, including the ACS, should it be resurrected. The emergent concept of digital identity which is the subject of this thesis arises from legislation. It is a legal construct which consists of a collection of information that is stored and transmitted in digital form, and which has specific functions under the identity scheme. In this study, the information recorded about an individual for an identity scheme is referred to as an individual's 'database identity.' Database identity consists of information prescribed by legislation. Collectively, that information comprises an individual's registered identity. Under the United Kingdom scheme, it includes an individual's name/s, gender, date and place of birth and date of death, photograph, signature and biometrics, and other information such as citizenship and residential status including residential address/es, nationality, identity card number, passport number, work permit number, driver‘s licence number, and administrative information such as security and verification details. Within database identity is a small subset of information which is an individual‘s transactional identity, that is, an individual‘s identity for transactional purposes. In this study, that subset of database identity is called an individual‘s 'token identity'. Under the NIS, token identity consists of name, gender, date and place of birth, date of death and biometrics. Token identity is the gateway to the other information which makes up database identity and token identity has specific functions at the time of a transaction which give it legal character. In effect, it operates as the individual‘s transactional 'key.' Presentation of the required token identity at the time of the transaction enables the system to recognise, and to deal with, the registered identity. This thesis is therefore not about identity in the deep philosophical sense of 'who am I?' or 'what makes me, me?' It is about a legal concept of individual identity for specific purposes under a national identity scheme. In many ways, though, the concept of digital identity which is the subject of this thesis is just as important in a modern legal context. Under a national identity scheme, the response to the question 'who am I? ' is 'you are who the scheme (and in particular, the National Identity Register ('NIR')) says you are.' As the first conceptual legal analysis of identity in a transactional context, this thesis examines the functions and legal nature of database identity, and particularly token identity. Token identity has specific functions at the time of a transaction which are analysed from a legal perspective to determine whether token identity is a form of legal personality. This thesis also contends that individual personal and proprietary rights necessarily apply as a result of the functions and legal nature of this emergent concept of identity. In addition to the well- recognised right to privacy, this thesis argues that the concept gives rise to the right to identity which has been overlooked in this context. For the first time, identity as a legal concept is distinguished from privacy which is the focus of legal scholarship and jurisprudence in this area. The right to identity is contrasted with the right to privacy and the protection afforded by the right to identity in this context by those human rights in the United Kingdom is considered. The protection afforded to an individual in the United Kingdom is contrasted with the situation in Australia which does not currently have a comprehensive national human rights charter. In view of the limited protection which is currently provided to token identity by the civil law, the protection provided by the criminal law in both the United Kingdom and Australia becomes particularly significant in considering the obligations and rights which arise under the scheme. The adequacy of the criminal law in addressing the nature and consequences of the dishonest use by a person of another person‘s identity information is therefore also examined. Identity theft is defined and distinguished from identity fraud, having regard to the emergent concept of digital identity and the wrong and the harm caused by its misuse. In particular, the nature of token identity is examined and the consequences of its misuse by another person are considered in determining whether token identity is property which is capable of being the subject of theft and criminal damage. The thesis concludes by summarising the major insights provided by chapters 1-6 with a view to the future when national identity schemes like that of the United Kingdom, and indeed international schemes, will be commonplace and token identity routinely required for most commercial transactions. In that environment, being asked to provide one‘s token identity is likely to be as common and as routine as being asked one's name. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2009

This thesis examines the emergent legal concept of digital identity under the United Kingdom National Identity Scheme ('NIS') and its Australian counterpart, the Access Card Scheme('ACS') proposed in 2007. The Identity Cards Act 2006 UK c 15 ('Identity Cards Act’) and the Human Services (Enhanced Service Delivery) Bill (Cth) 2007 ('Access Card Bill') reveal a remarkably similar concept of identity in terms of its constitution and especially its functions. The United Kingdom scheme is currently being established, whereas the proposed Australian Scheme has been shelved following a change of government late in 2007. The NIS is therefore used as the model for this study but the analysis applies to any such scheme based on digital technology, including the ACS, should it be resurrected. The emergent concept of digital identity which is the subject of this thesis arises from legislation. It is a legal construct which consists of a collection of information that is stored and transmitted in digital form, and which has specific functions under the identity scheme. In this study, the information recorded about an individual for an identity scheme is referred to as an individual's 'database identity.' Database identity consists of information prescribed by legislation. Collectively, that information comprises an individual's registered identity. Under the United Kingdom scheme, it includes an individual's name/s, gender, date and place of birth and date of death, photograph, signature and biometrics, and other information such as citizenship and residential status including residential address/es, nationality, identity card number, passport number, work permit number, driver‘s licence number, and administrative information such as security and verification details. Within database identity is a small subset of information which is an individual‘s transactional identity, that is, an individual‘s identity for transactional purposes. In this study, that subset of database identity is called an individual‘s 'token identity'. Under the NIS, token identity consists of name, gender, date and place of birth, date of death and biometrics. Token identity is the gateway to the other information which makes up database identity and token identity has specific functions at the time of a transaction which give it legal character. In effect, it operates as the individual‘s transactional 'key.' Presentation of the required token identity at the time of the transaction enables the system to recognise, and to deal with, the registered identity. This thesis is therefore not about identity in the deep philosophical sense of 'who am I?' or 'what makes me, me?' It is about a legal concept of individual identity for specific purposes under a national identity scheme. In many ways, though, the concept of digital identity which is the subject of this thesis is just as important in a modern legal context. Under a national identity scheme, the response to the question 'who am I? ' is 'you are who the scheme (and in particular, the National Identity Register ('NIR')) says you are.' As the first conceptual legal analysis of identity in a transactional context, this thesis examines the functions and legal nature of database identity, and particularly token identity. Token identity has specific functions at the time of a transaction which are analysed from a legal perspective to determine whether token identity is a form of legal personality. This thesis also contends that individual personal and proprietary rights necessarily apply as a result of the functions and legal nature of this emergent concept of identity. In addition to the well- recognised right to privacy, this thesis argues that the concept gives rise to the right to identity which has been overlooked in this context. For the first time, identity as a legal concept is distinguished from privacy which is the focus of legal scholarship and jurisprudence in this area. The right to identity is contrasted with the right to privacy and the protection afforded by the right to identity in this context by those human rights in the United Kingdom is considered. The protection afforded to an individual in the United Kingdom is contrasted with the situation in Australia which does not currently have a comprehensive national human rights charter. In view of the limited protection which is currently provided to token identity by the civil law, the protection provided by the criminal law in both the United Kingdom and Australia becomes particularly significant in considering the obligations and rights which arise under the scheme. The adequacy of the criminal law in addressing the nature and consequences of the dishonest use by a person of another person‘s identity information is therefore also examined. Identity theft is defined and distinguished from identity fraud, having regard to the emergent concept of digital identity and the wrong and the harm caused by its misuse. In particular, the nature of token identity is examined and the consequences of its misuse by another person are considered in determining whether token identity is property which is capable of being the subject of theft and criminal damage. The thesis concludes by summarising the major insights provided by chapters 1-6 with a view to the future when national identity schemes like that of the United Kingdom, and indeed international schemes, will be commonplace and token identity routinely required for most commercial transactions. In that environment, being asked to provide one‘s token identity is likely to be as common and as routine as being asked one's name. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2009

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008

When in physical proximity, data can be directly exchanged between the mobile devices people carry - for example over Bluetooth. If people cooperate to store, carry and forward messages on one another's behalf, then an opportunistic network may be formed, independent of any fixed infrastructure. To enable performant routing within opportunistic networks, use of social network information has been proposed for social network routing protocols. But the decentralised and cooperative nature of the networks can however expose users of such protocols to privacy and security threats, which may in turn discourage participation in the network. In this thesis, we examine how to mitigate privacy and security threats in opportunistic networks while maintaining network performance. We first demonstrate that privacy-aware routing protocols are required in order to maintain network performance while respecting users' privacy preferences. We then demonstrate novel social network routing protocols that mitigate specific threats to privacy and security while maintaining network performance.

Thesis (MAcc (Accountancy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The purpose of this assignment is to ascertain whether the COBIT framework is an adequate framework to assist in the governance of virtual private networks. The assignment focuses on whether the framework can ensure the identification of virtual private network-related risks and address IT compliance with policies and statutory regulations. A brief summary of the risks and issues pertaining to the pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation phases of virtual private networks is included in the assignment. These risks and issues are then individually mapped onto a relevant COBIT control objective. The scope of the assignment does not include the intricacies of how these networks operate, the different types of network topologies or the different technologies used in virtual private networks. It was found that the COBIT framework can be implemented to manage and/or mitigate virtual private network risks.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soon after the development of the internet as a network structure connecting computers on a global scale, was the introduction of malicious computer code, which was disseminated through this network. Initially this code was the relegation of pranksters, but evolved quickly to be code causing destruction, intrusion and loss of privacy while on the internet. This code became known as the computer virus and was soon used by fraudsters to infiltrate networks to create deception and fraud for financial gain. It has become of paramount importance for users of the internet to protect themselves and their networks from these attacks, through various ingenious mechanisms of protection. The traditional mainstay for computer virus protection has been the software approach using counter code to protect against any malicious computer code. This protection has had limited success as the very nature of malicious code is constantly changing and evolving, making it sometimes an impossible task for internet users to be protected with the latest anti-virus software for protection. The author of this study introduces a managed anti-virus protection alternative which is delivered by a computer hardware device. This is a new technology and a full description is made of the role of this product as a new product development. The empirical research of this paper focuses around the test for a need for the product described to the point, but excluding commercialization. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kort na die ontwikkeling van die internet as 'n netwerkstruktuur wat rekenaars op 'n globale skaal verbind, was daar die bekendstelling van kwaadwillige rekenaarkodes wat reg deur die netwerk versprei het. Aanvanklik was die kode gemik op die verdrywing van poetsbakkers, maar het spoedig ontwikkel in kodeverdrywing, inmenging en verlies aan privaatheid op die internet. Hierdie kode het bekend geword as die rekenaarvirus, en is spoedig deur bedrieërs gebruik om netwerke te infiltreer om gebruikers te mislei en te bedrieg vir eie finansiële gewin. Dit het vir gebruikers van die internet van uiterste belang geword om hulle en hulle netwerkte teen hierdie aanvalle te beskerm, en wel deur middel van verskeie meganismes. Die bekendste bekermingsmatreël teen die virus is die aanwending van sagteware as teenkode. Hierdie bekermingsmetode het egter tot dusver beperkte sukses behaal, aangesien die aard van kwaadwilligheid voortdurend verander en ontwikkel, sodat dit soms onmoontlik is dat gebruikers deur die nuutste anti-virussagteware beskerm kan word. Die skrywer van hierdie verhandeling stel 'n werkbare, alternatiewe anti-virusbeskermer bekend wat deur rekenaar-hardewareplan daargestel is. Dit het nuwe tegnologie, en 'n volledige beskrywing word gegee van die rol van hierdie produk as 'n nuwe ontwikkeling. Die empiriese navorsing van die verhandeling fokus op die toets vir die noodsaaklikheid van so 'n produk, met die uisluiting van kommersialisering.

Computer security attacks take place due to the presence of vulnerabilities and bugs in software applications. Bugs and vulnerabilities are the result of weak software architecture and lack of standard software development practices. Despite the fact that software companies are investing millions of dollars in the research and development of software designs security risks are still at large. In some cases software applications are found to carry vulnerabilities for many years before being identified. A recent such example is the popular Heart Bleed Bug in the Open SSL/TSL. In today’s world, where new software application are continuously being developed for a varied community of users; it’s highly unlikely to have software applications running without flaws. Attackers on computer system securities exploit these vulnerabilities and bugs and cause threat to privacy without leaving any trace. The most critical vulnerabilities are those which are related to the integrity of the software applications. Because integrity is directly linked to the credibility of software application and data it contains. Here I am giving solution of maintaining web applications integrity running on RADIUM by using daikon. Daikon generates invariants, these invariants are used to maintain the integrity of the web application and also check the correct behavior of web application at run time on RADIUM architecture in case of any attack or malware. I used data invariants and program flow invariants in my solution to maintain the integrity of web-application against such attack or malware. I check the behavior of my proposed invariants at run-time using Lib-VMI/Volatility memory introspection tool. This is a novel approach and proof of concept toward maintaining web application integrity on RADIUM.

High processing time and implementation complexity of the fully homomorphic encryption schemes intrigued cryptographers to extend partially homomorphic encryption schemes to allow homomorphic computation for larger classes of polynomials. In this thesis, we study several public key and partially homomorphic schemes and discuss a recent technique for boosting linearly homomorphic encryption schemes. Further, we implement this boosting technique on CGS linearly homomorphic encryption scheme to allow one single multiplication as well as arbitrary number of additions on encrypted plaintexts. We provide MAGMA source codes for the implementation of the CGS scheme along with the boosted CGS scheme. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Network architectures are described by the International Standard for Organization (ISO), which contains seven layers. The internet uses four of these layers, of which three are of interest to us. These layers are Internet Protocol (IP) or Network Layer, Transport Layer and Application Layer. We need to protect against attacks that may come through any of these layers. In the world of network security, systems are plagued by various attacks, internal and external, and could result in Denial of Service (DoS) and/or other damaging effects. Such attacks and loss of service can be devastating for the users of the system. The implementation of security devices such as Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), the protection of network traffic with Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), and the use of secure protocols for the layers are important to enhance the security at each of these layers.We have done a survey of the existing network security patterns and we have written the missing patterns. We have developed security patterns for abstract IDS, Behavior–based IDS and Rule-based IDS and as well as for Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. We have also identified the need for a VPN pattern and have developed security patterns for abstract VPN, an IPSec VPN and a TLS VPN. We also evaluated these patterns with respect to some aspects to simplify their application by system designers. We have tried to unify the security of the network layers using security patterns by tying in security patterns for network transmission, network protocols and network boundary devices. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection