The use<b></b>of lightweight concrete in the concrete industry provides economical and practical advantages. Structural anchors are commonly used in the industry for various structural applications. In <i>ACI 318-19: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary</i>, a modification factor, λ<i>_a</i>, is specified for the calculated design strengths of anchors installed in lightweight concrete that experience concrete or bond failure. The modification factor consists of the general lightweight concrete modification factor,λ, specified in the code multiplied by an additional reduction factor dependent on the anchor and failure type. For the concrete breakout strength of expansion and screw anchors in lightweight concrete, the value of λ<i>_a</i>is specified as 0.8λ. For the concrete breakout strength of cast-in anchors in lightweight concrete, the value of λ<i>_a</i>is 1.0λ. In both cases, however, the specified value of λ<i>_a</i>is based on limited test data. A research program was therefore conducted to provide the data needed for more appropriate lightweight modification factors. A primary objective of the research was to evaluate the concrete breakout strengths of cast-in, expansion, and screw anchors installed in lightweight concrete by conducting a systematic experimental program that included various types of lightweight concrete. More specifically, the experimental program included tension tests on torque-controlled expansion anchors, displacement-controlled expansion anchors, and screw anchors from four manufacturers in addition to tension tests on cast-in headed stud anchors. A total of seven concrete types were included in the research: one normalweight concrete mixture and six lightweight concrete mixtures. The lightweight concrete included sand-lightweight and all-lightweight mixtures composed ofexpanded shale, clay, and slate aggregates. The results of the experimental program are compared to limited data available from previous tension tests on anchors in lightweight concrete. Based on the results of the research, revised lightweight concrete modification factors for the concrete breakout design strengths of the anchor types included in the test program are provided.

<p>Embedded plates are used to support the external attachments such as heavy piping, brackets, sprinkler systems, or other equipment in nuclear power plants. The plates are welded with deformed reinforcing bars or deformed wires and anchored to reinforced concrete walls. The ACI code (ACI 318-19/ACI 349-13) provides design equations to calculate the anchor strength in concrete under tension load. These empirical equations are based on experiments conducted on headed studs, hooked bars, headed bolts, and adhesive anchors. With the lack of experimental data and code provisions on straight deformed reinforcing bars or deformed wires used as anchors, it is believed that anchoring bars with the embedment length as per code prescribed development length will provide sufficient strength to transfer tensile forces to the concrete, ignoring other failure modes such as concrete breakout. </p> <p>In this study, eight large scale group anchor tests were performed to evaluate their concrete breakout strength as per ACI 349-13. The test specimens were made with deformed reinforcing bar anchors (DRAs) and deformed wire anchors (DWAs). The tests included the effect of different bar types, bar sizes, and anchor spacings on the breakout capacities of such connections. The mean average back-calculated effective <i>k </i>value is 33.25 for DRAs and 36.26 for DWAs. The experimental study confirms that the axial tension capacity of embedded plates anchored to concrete using deformed reinforcing bars or deformed wires can be limited by concrete breakout strength.</p>