In recent years, the trade-off between quality and cost of power system components has become a matter of interest for many utilities. The widespread use of costly electricity networks either in residential or industrial areas has encouraged service providers to find a proper strategy that will minimize the overall life-cycle cost while keeping components in good working condition. The power transformer, which represents approximately 60% of the overall cost of the network, is ranked as one of the most important and expensive components. However, the transformer's sudden failure puts the system in a serious or critical condition which in most cases causes catastrophic loss to both utilities and customers. Significant attention has been given to monitoring and diagnostic techniques that observe any abnormal behaviour, assess the transformer's condition, and therefore minimize the probability of unplanned outage. Yet, applying many various monitoring tests is not always applicable due to the following factors: some tests require the unit to be taken out from service for testing, insufficient availability of man power, and significant cost of applying all the tests. Thus, there is a vital demand for an intelligent method of minimizing the number of monitoring tests without losing much information about the transformer's actual condition. In this research, data mining techniques have been employed to evaluate the transformer's state through intelligent selection criteria that determines the optimal number of monitoring tests in cost-effectiveness. Feature selection technique based on ranker search method has been used to rank the monitoring tests (features) in a priority sequence from their individual evaluation, and to select the most inductive tests that provide the most information about the unit's condition. When the measured data from monitoring tests is collected and prepared, a diagnostic technique is applied to assess the condition of the transformer. In this regard, Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been utilized to perform this task due to its robust classification accuracy. SVM is first applied to the full number of tests, and then the number of monitoring tests is reduced by one after each classification process using the feature selection algorithm. The selected number of monitoring tests has shown the best possible accuracy the classifier can reach over the whole number of tests. Radial Basis Function (RBF) classifier has been used in the classification process for results comparison purposes. This proposed work contributes towards finding an intelligent method of evaluating the transformer state as well as minimizing the number of tests without losing much information about the unit's actual condition. Therefore, this method facilitates deciding a wise course of action regarding the transformer: either maintain, repair, or replace.

Currently, in North America, a large percentage of infrastructure assets, including education and healthcare buildings, are deteriorating rapidly due to age and over capacity. The budget constraints under which municipalities and public agencies operate also make the sustainability of these buildings a serious challenge. This is particularly so when capital renewal programs are downsized to save money, thus hindering the proper inspection of buildings and the allocation of renewal funds. In addition, building inspections and condition assessments are generally resource intensive, subjective, time-consuming, and costly. To support capital renewal decisions that pertain to buildings, this research introduces a comprehensive condition assessment framework that overcomes the drawbacks of the existing processes. A prototype of the framework utilizing hand-held devices has been developed and tested on the capital renewal program of the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). The framework is innovative on three main fronts: (1) it utilizes available reactive-maintenance records to predict the condition of components and to prioritize inspection tasks among limited available resources; (2) it employs a unique visual guidance system that is based on extensive surveys and field data collection to support uniform condition assessment of building components; and (3) it introduces a location-based inspection process with a standardized building hierarchy. The research contributes to restructuring the inspection and condition assessment processes, providing a better understanding of the interactions among building components, integrating capital renewal and maintenance data, and developing a practical condition assessment framework that is economical, less-subjective, and suitable for use by individuals with less experience. The framework also incorporates permanent documentation of the condition of the asset along its life cycle, and aids in scheduling inspections so as to maintain low-cost condition tracking. Ultimately, the proposed system will provide timely and sufficient information to facilitate accurate repair decisions for maintaining the building infrastructure. The framework is of benefit to both researchers and practitioners. Its formulation is innovative and helps building owners automate most inspection tasks, quantify the impact of alternative funding scenarios, and reduce the cost of asset management. In addition, because asset management is a less-developed multi-billion dollar business, the research is expected to establish leading technology and know-how that will help Canadian companies gain a competitive global advantage. At the municipality level, the proposed prototype is expected to assist managers in arriving at decisions that will ensure the cost-effective operation of buildings and uninterrupted service to the public.

Currently, in North America, a large percentage of infrastructure assets, including education and healthcare buildings, are deteriorating rapidly due to age and over capacity. The budget constraints under which municipalities and public agencies operate also make the sustainability of these buildings a serious challenge. This is particularly so when capital renewal programs are downsized to save money, thus hindering the proper inspection of buildings and the allocation of renewal funds. In addition, building inspections and condition assessments are generally resource intensive, subjective, time-consuming, and costly. To support capital renewal decisions that pertain to buildings, this research introduces a comprehensive condition assessment framework that overcomes the drawbacks of the existing processes. A prototype of the framework utilizing hand-held devices has been developed and tested on the capital renewal program of the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). The framework is innovative on three main fronts: (1) it utilizes available reactive-maintenance records to predict the condition of components and to prioritize inspection tasks among limited available resources; (2) it employs a unique visual guidance system that is based on extensive surveys and field data collection to support uniform condition assessment of building components; and (3) it introduces a location-based inspection process with a standardized building hierarchy. The research contributes to restructuring the inspection and condition assessment processes, providing a better understanding of the interactions among building components, integrating capital renewal and maintenance data, and developing a practical condition assessment framework that is economical, less-subjective, and suitable for use by individuals with less experience. The framework also incorporates permanent documentation of the condition of the asset along its life cycle, and aids in scheduling inspections so as to maintain low-cost condition tracking. Ultimately, the proposed system will provide timely and sufficient information to facilitate accurate repair decisions for maintaining the building infrastructure. The framework is of benefit to both researchers and practitioners. Its formulation is innovative and helps building owners automate most inspection tasks, quantify the impact of alternative funding scenarios, and reduce the cost of asset management. In addition, because asset management is a less-developed multi-billion dollar business, the research is expected to establish leading technology and know-how that will help Canadian companies gain a competitive global advantage. At the municipality level, the proposed prototype is expected to assist managers in arriving at decisions that will ensure the cost-effective operation of buildings and uninterrupted service to the public.

In this thesis,I discuss the wave pass on submerged bweakwater,and theheight of submerged breakwater,different slope of submerged breakwater with breaking wave relations.I do experiment to find the regular between breaking wave and the design of submerged breakwater.I use different submerged breakwater,there are two slope.There are 1/2 and 1/5.The height of submerged breakwater is 45 cm,the wide of submerged breakwater is 75 cm.the water deep is from 50cm to 90 cm,Wave cyclical is from 1.2 sec to 2.7 sec,I use H L to choose wave height,and save the data of incident wave.and then I analysis the data to get t K and energy.I also memorize the site of breaking wave and breaking type. From the experiment ,we know that wave do not be broken, be broken, and the regular of breaking wave and breaking type ,so we can use the regular to design the height of submerged breakwater, the slope of submerged breakwater. So we can use the least costs to protect the seacoast. When we know local wave condition, we can design the height of submerged breakwater to break wave that is dangerous for seacoast ,or we want to break wave when the wave height at 1 m or 2 m or others design the height of submerged breakwater. When £m^2h/g is between 0.3 and 2.5,we can find that when R/H0¡¦ is smaller than 1,the wave will break¡CWhen wave break bysubmerged breakwater ,we can find the slope of 1/5 is better than the slope of 1/2 to reduce the wave.Both slope of 1/2 and slope of 1/5 are effective to reduce wave energy at Hi/R=2.

No description available.

Le réalisme, d’après Larousse, est une « [t]endance littéraire et artistique du XIXe s., qui privilégie la représentation exacte, tels qu'ils sont, de la nature, des hommes, de la société ». Pendant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle les problèmes sociaux, comme les conditions de travail, le manque de logements et d’argents, influencent l’art et la littérature. Beaucoup d’écrivains français ont représenté la réalité dans leurs oeuvres. Dans ce mémoire, j’ai choisi d’étudier Madame Bovary de Gustave Flaubert et Une vie de Guy de Maupassant parce que les auteurs décrivent la réalité et le pessimisme qui existent dans la vie du XIXe siècle. Ils s’opposaient au romantisme parce qu’ils se tournaient vers la science et vers les aspects matériels pour représenter la réalité et n’accordaient aucune importance à la rêverie et à la sensibilité. De plus, ces deux romans ont un point commun, tous deux racontent l’histoire d’une femme romantique qui souhaite avoir une bonne vie comme dans ses rêves. Ce sont deux romans qui parlent de la situation de la femme à cette époque-là. Flaubert a été critiqué après avoir publié son oeuvre Madame Bovary en 1857 parce qu’il exprimait avec honnêteté, ce qui était interdit dans la société. En racontant l’histoire d’Emma, il fait une peinture où il décrit la situation dans la société, la vérité dure de la vie et des gens à travers son personnage Emma Bovary qui est l’héroïne. Son chef-d’oeuvre était plus précisément considéré comme une mauvaise image de la femme par la société parce qu’elle cherchait l’amour avec d’autres hommes que son mari. En 1883, presque 30 ans plus tard, Une Vie a été publié. L’auteur, Maupassant, et son oeuvre étaient influencés par Flaubert et son oeuvre ressemblait aux idées et presque même à l’histoire de Madame Bovary. Dans son roman, il crée une image du pessimisme de sa société à cette époque-là en la montrant dans la vie de son héroïne, Jeanne. Ce mémoire va analyser les traits réalistes chez Flaubert et Maupassant, c'est-à-dire les choses sur lesquelles dépendent les deux auteurs pour expliquer le plus parfaitement possible la réalité. Cela peut impliquer la description en détail du milieu et l’analyse des personnages. Mais le but principal ou l’objectif de ce mémoire est de montrer comment Madame Bovary et Une Vie dépeignent, à l’aide de l’esthétique réaliste, la condition féminine au XIXe siècle à travers les personnages d’Emma et de Jeanne. C'est-à-dire de montrer l’image réaliste, par le point de vue de Flaubert et Maupassant, concernant la situation de la femme. Pour réaliser l’objectif de mon mémoire, je ferai une comparaison entre les deux héroïnes de Madame Bovary et Une Vie où j’analyserai, à l’aide des questions posées ci-dessous, la représentation de la situation de la femme de ce siècle. Je présenterai également le point de vue social, en ce qui concerne la condition féminine, selon lequel elle est un objet soumis à l’influence de la société. Flaubert et Maupassant, montrent le destin tragique des deux héroïnes qui peut se produire pour de nombreuses raisons ; d’une part, il y a des facteurs sociaux comme les lois, les moeurs et les traditions, d’autre part, il y a le manque de compréhension pour les sentiments et les personnalités des femmes. Les deux oeuvres sont donc une critique réaliste de l’époque qui est expliquée à travers la personnalité des personnages, Emma et Jeanne. Les questions seront donc : Est-ce que les personnages (qui peuvent être vus comme des représentants de la femme du XIXe siècle) sont victimes de ce siècle où elles doivent subir et obéir aux lois ? Est-ce qu’elles sont vraiment faibles et dépendantes des hommes qui dominent leur vie? Est-ce que Flaubert et Maupassant ont réussi à décrire, dans leurs romans, la situation de la femme pour critiquer leur société et pour montrer le pessimisme et la souffrance de leur époque à travers la condition de vie des deux héroïnes? Les deux romans répondent-ils donc à la définition du réalisme ? Alors en répondant à ces questions et en étudiant les deux personnages, on introduit la vision des deux écrivains sur le rôle de la femme dans leur société. J’ai trouvé de nombreux de recherches et d’articles qui traitent le sujet de réalisme. D’autres étudient la condition féminine dans la société en générale et même dans la littérature française. L’une des articles que j’ai trouvés utile pour approfondir l’objectif de ce mémoire, c’est par exemple l’article de Kuzucu Hamza « Deux conceptions de maternités : Madame de Renal et Madame Bovary ». Il montre la conception de la maternité chez la femme et comment ce sujet est traité par des auteurs dans la littérature. Avant de commencer à écrire sur ce sujet, je ferai tout d’abord une introduction au réalisme et ses thèmes principaux pour qu’on comprenne pourquoi et comment les deux auteurs écrivent pour montrer leurs idées dans leurs écritures. Puis, je présenterai les idées dominantes concernant la situation de la femme au XIXème siècle. Et après, je ferai une analyse de la personnalité des deux héroïnes qui peut donner, selon les deux auteurs, une représentation du réalisme dans ces deux oeuvres.

No description available.

No description available.

In recent years, the trade-off between quality and cost of power system components has become a matter of interest for many utilities. The widespread use of costly electricity networks either in residential or industrial areas has encouraged service providers to find a proper strategy that will minimize the overall life-cycle cost while keeping components in good working condition. The power transformer, which represents approximately 60% of the overall cost of the network, is ranked as one of the most important and expensive components. However, the transformer's sudden failure puts the system in a serious or critical condition which in most cases causes catastrophic loss to both utilities and customers. Significant attention has been given to monitoring and diagnostic techniques that observe any abnormal behaviour, assess the transformer's condition, and therefore minimize the probability of unplanned outage. Yet, applying many various monitoring tests is not always applicable due to the following factors: some tests require the unit to be taken out from service for testing, insufficient availability of man power, and significant cost of applying all the tests. Thus, there is a vital demand for an intelligent method of minimizing the number of monitoring tests without losing much information about the transformer's actual condition. In this research, data mining techniques have been employed to evaluate the transformer's state through intelligent selection criteria that determines the optimal number of monitoring tests in cost-effectiveness. Feature selection technique based on ranker search method has been used to rank the monitoring tests (features) in a priority sequence from their individual evaluation, and to select the most inductive tests that provide the most information about the unit's condition. When the measured data from monitoring tests is collected and prepared, a diagnostic technique is applied to assess the condition of the transformer. In this regard, Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been utilized to perform this task due to its robust classification accuracy. SVM is first applied to the full number of tests, and then the number of monitoring tests is reduced by one after each classification process using the feature selection algorithm. The selected number of monitoring tests has shown the best possible accuracy the classifier can reach over the whole number of tests. Radial Basis Function (RBF) classifier has been used in the classification process for results comparison purposes. This proposed work contributes towards finding an intelligent method of evaluating the transformer state as well as minimizing the number of tests without losing much information about the unit's actual condition. Therefore, this method facilitates deciding a wise course of action regarding the transformer: either maintain, repair, or replace.

Thèse (Ph. D.) -- Université Laval, 1996. / Bibliogr.: f. 174-177. Publié aussi en version électronique.