My thesis is called The Alternative Punishments in czech criminal law. I have chosen this topic as using alternative forms of sanctions alongside with traditional punishments is a product of the last decades in our legal order and remains very actual question untill now. The crime rate is constantly rating therefor it is necessary to react on it adequally with providing a wide range of sanctions. As one of the governing principles in czech criminal law is a principle of humanity the alternative punishments take a pricipal place in our legal order. The main purpose of my thesis is to analyse and clarify the particular forms of alternative punishments. Those sanctions bring a lot of advantages for convicted in contrary to other traditional punishments as they are not issolated from society and have a chance to re-educate themselves. The alternative punishments are useful and cheaper than short-term confinement. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the actual legislation, assesses changes brought by the new criminal code and defines proposals which would imporove the legislation in future. The thesis is composed of eight chapters. First chapter is subdivided into three parts. The first part deals with the term and purpose of the punishment, the second analysis theory of punishment and the third one discusses...

L’étude de la phrase hypothétique d’après les traités de grammaires arabe médiévaux consiste à déconstruire la manière avec laquelle ce type de phrase a été conçue par les grammairiens classiques. Ces derniers, figures centrales dans le champ linguistique ont apporté un réel écot à la pensée grammaticale ; à partir du parler des Arabes, de la poésie et du Coran, ces acteurs ont élaboré des règles grammaticales, forgeant ainsi la tradition grammaticale arabe. Ils ont mis en lumière plusieurs aspects de la langue, parmi lesquels, l’expression de l’hypothèse, objet de notre recherche.La phrase hypothétique peut être, principalement introduite par l’une des trois particules X, Y et Z, pour exprimer respectivement l’irréel, le potentiel et l’éventuel. Les pronoms et les circonstances servent également à introduire une phrase conditionnelle et affectent le marquage modal de ses verbes. Ils sont dits, les noms conditionnels. Les grammairiens arabes se sont intéressés aux marques modales des verbes et aux marques casuelles des noms au sein de l’énoncé hypothétique. En outre, ils portaient un intérêt particulier aux pratiques langagières qui relevaient de l’exception, dérogeant ainsi à la règle. Cette thèse s’attache à mettre en lumière l’investissement des grammairiens arabes classiques à une époque charnière du VIIIe au XIVe siècle. On leur reconnaît l’assignation de l’énoncé rogatif à un énoncé conditionnel, car selon eux, ils renvoient implicitement à une condition.La question de la phrase hypothétique constitue l’une des pistes investies par les grammairiens classiques malgré leurs convergences, divergences et positionnements par rapport aux normes grammaticales. L’expression de l’hypothèse a suscité des débats et des controverses entre les grammairiens, et plus particulièrement entre ceux de l’école bassorite et ceux de l’école koufite. / The study of the hypothetical sentence according to medieval Arabic grammatical treatises, consists in deconstructing the manner in which this type of sentence was conceived by the classical grammarians. The latter, central figures in the linguistic field, have largely contributed to grammatical thought; from Arabic-speaking, poetry and Qur’an, these actors developed grammatical rules, thus forging the Arabic grammatical tradition. They highlighted several aspects of the language, among which, the expression of the hypothesis, the object of our research.The hypothetical sentence can be, mainly introduced by one of the three particles X, Y and Z, respectively to express the unreal, the potential and the eventual (possible). Pronouns and circumstances also serve to introduce a conditional sentence and affect the modal marking of its verbs. They are said, the conditional names. Arabic grammarians were interested in the modal marks of verbs and casual marks of nouns in the hypothetical statement. In addition, they had a particular interest in the language practices that fell under the exception, thus derogating from the rule. This dissertation aims to highlight the investment of classical Arabic grammarians in a transitional period, from the eighth to the fourteenth century. They are assigned the assignment of the rogatory statement to a conditional statement, because according to them, they implicitly refer to a condition.The question of the hypothetical sentence establishes one of the tracks invested by the classical grammarians, despite their convergences, divergences and positions in relation to grammatical standards. The expression of the hypothesis aroused debates and controversies between the grammarians, more particularly between those of the Basra school and those of the Kufite school.