At independence the emerging African elite was dominated by employees of the state. Many academics have since speculated that this over-reliance on public employment contributed to the continent’s poor economic performance, as resources extracted from society were captured by a rent-seeking public sector class. Because this elite was directly beholden to the state, it also lacked the independence needed to hold the political class to task. Was this diagnosis accurate and has the state’s role as a creator of the elite persisted? This dissertation explores how three East African governments –those of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda - have used their powers as the single largest employer in their respective countries to influence the structure of society. Using quantitative evidence, it traces how public employment and pay evolved between the 1960s and the present. It examines the effects of these changes on the economic standing of public sector employees and the educational, regional and ethnic backgrounds of the people who came to work for the state. This long-run perspective shows that the public services in all three countries have changed a great deal over the past half-century and suggests that public sector salaries have declined in importance for the region’s educational and income elites. It also reveals that public sector jobs have been more evenly distributed - on a regional, ethnic and gender basis - than is sometimes presumed. The thesis relates these findings to a rich political economy literature on public employment, social stratification and the development of the African postcolonial state.

Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Class of 2015 Abstract / Objectives: To assess pharmacists’ perspectives on patient safety in relation to their working conditions. Methods: The survey was sent to 1000 pharmacists within Arizona. Results for the item evaluating pharmacists’ level of agreement with the statement regarding their employers providing a work environment optimized for safe patient care were compared to those from the Oregon Working Conditions Survey using Mann Whitney U. Mann Whitney U was also used to compare agreement between Arizona pharmacists who filled less than and more than 200 prescriptions per shift, and between Arizona community and hospital pharmacists. Chi-squared test was used to compare community pharmacists in Arizona and Oregon. A priori alpha level was 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: Arizona pharmacists were significantly more likely than Oregon pharmacists to agree with the statement that their employer provided a work environment conducive to patient safety (p < 0.001). Arizona pharmacists who filled less than 200 prescriptions per shift agreed significantly more than those who filled more than 200 prescriptions per shift (p < 0.001). Hospital pharmacists were significantly more likely to agree with the patient safety statement than community pharmacists (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The pharmaceutical climate may play a role in the difference between Oregon and Arizona. With a lower percentage of chain/mass merchandiser community pharmacy respondents in Arizona, the overall agreement with the patient safety statement could have been influenced by practice type. Regardless, higher prescription volume still remains as a factor that can have potentially deleterious effects on optimization of patient safety.

Privatisation has been a key policy in the late 20th century in many countries. In West Germany, the federal government sold most of its corporate industrial shareholdings to private investors between 1949 and 1989. Unlike many other countries, West Germany did not nationalise entire industries after the Second World War. Instead, the portfolio of public enterprises and participations was mainly an inheritance from the Third Reich. The aim of the thesis is to explore the causes of privatisation and the driving and delaying forces in the privatisation process between 1949 and 1989 based on qualitative historical documents. After the sale of participations stemming from the war economy in the early 1950s, the conservative federal government of CDU and CSU and later the conservative-liberal government of CDU, CSU and FDP under the Federal Chancellors Konrad Adenauer (CDU) and Ludwig Erhard (CDU) pursued a larger scale privatisation programme by issuing people's shares between 1959 and 1965. The programme featured social elements and aimed at the property formation of employees and a wide dispersion of shares in the society. In the 1970s, public enterprises expanded under a social-liberal government of SPD and FDP, until a conservative-liberal government of CDU, CSU and FDP under Federal Chancellor Kohl (CDU) sold most of the remaining federal participations in industrial enterprises between 1984 and 1989. The total volume of privatisation as measured by revenues remained modest compared to other West European countries and strong political resistance within the government parties CDU and CSU manifested in the process. Findings indicate a high continuity of thought and policy patterns from the 1950s until the end of the 1980s while the main reasons for privatisation shifted slightly. In the 1950s and 1960s, privatisation was primarily motivated by fiscal reasons - access to equity capital proved to be limited for the growing federal enterprises. Privatisation in the 1980s was caused by re-interpretations of the economic situation due to globally changing conditions and increased international competition. Hence, it can be interpreted as a lagged response to market crisis in the 1970s. Ideological shifts of paradigm did not drive privatisation. Rather, advocates of ordoliberalism focused on other economic reforms in the 1950s and liberal ideas in the 1980s co-developed with privatisation politics. For many decades, public enterprises were not viewed as ineffcient per se as long as they were operating in competitive markets. This perception only began to change slowly in the 1980s.

This thesis is not concerned with economic growth as the name might suggest. However, it does not discount the valuable tools of analysis which the theorists of economic growth provide. It uses these techniques freely without trying to develop them out of the material treated. This is a question which requires separate analysis and one which this thesis anticipates. It is the intention of the author to bring to light, with the help-of the tools of economic analysis, the problems of economic development in the British West Indies. The treatment of this subject is based on the tenet that the historical background, delineated in Chapter I, has a long-run influence on economic developments in the area. It is impossible to really apprehend the extent and pattern of growth taking place in the two principal areas, Jamaica and Trinidad without the historical background. Economic developments are discussed around the central theme of population pressure on scarce land resources. The author has been careful to keep the discussion, as far as possible, within this sphere of analysis in order to avoid incoherence. Moreover, he believes that any growth observed in the area has most significance when discussed in relation to the employment that it makes possible. For this reason therefore, Chapter 5, Part III, places most emphasis on fiscal policies which are calculated to encourage foreign capital with a high labour complement. It should not, however, be construed that the author is unappreciative of the value and importance of other policies. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

The main task of this study was to examine the proposition that the modernization processes of Japan had commenced during the late Tokugawa period (1804-1867) and that the impetus to social change was not concentrated solely in the post-Meiji Restoration (1868) period. A survey of contemporary literature on modernization enabled us to select a suitable working definition of modernization. For analytical purposes, modernization was defined in terms of the adaptive and reforming efforts by the late Tokugawa ideologues. The definition implied nothing specific about the component processes involved and this permitted us to be free in selecting the component actions within the modernization process. The study of the adaptive and transformation processes consisted of an analysis of five biographies written in Japanese and representative of the ideologues of the late Tokugawa period. For our investigation, the method of content analysis was employed. This allowed the extraction of desired data according to explicitly formulated and systematic rules. The coding scheme employed to analyze the biographical material was designed taking into account our basic proposition. The process of assigning extracted data into the appropriate categories consisted of a dichotomization process whereby the data was recorded in mutually exclusive categories. The interpretative categories selected for content analysis were not based on a specific theory purporting to explain certain aspects of social change but it suggested a model which lent clarity to the study of the linkage between causal forces (societal conditions and formative factors) and the ideologue’s structures of activities. In this model, the underlying assumption was that the causal forces were linked to the observable variations by the ideologue's attitudes, orientations, and concepts. This assumption was supported by the data and the structure of activities gave rise to patterns which tended to be similar although the structural processes themselves varied from ideologue to ideologue. On the basis of our investigation, we concluded that the data obtained from the content analysis of five biographies supported our proposition that the adaptive and transformation processes of modern Japan established their roots during the late Tokugawa period and that the impetus to social change was not concentrated solely in the post Meiji Restoration period. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

En cinématique il n'existe aucune méthode permettant de générer les conditions d'assemblage sous forme symbolique pour les systèmes de solides, éventuellement surcontraints. En revanche il existe un grand nombre de formules permettant- en principe - de calculer la mobilité. Les noms de Kutzbach, Grübler et Tchebytcheff sont associés à différentes formules bien connues mais aucune formule infaillible n'a jamais été trouvée. C'est ce qui motive notre proposition de méthodes numériques et symboliques constructives. Celles-ci permettent de générer automatiquement les conditions d'assemblage et de mobilité à partir de la connaissance des équations de fermeture des boucles de solides. Les méthodes numérique et symbolique présentées dans cette thèse se basent sur un socle commun. Elles utilisent les paramètres de Denavit-Hartenberg et les classent en deux catégories: la première catégorie, notée u pour usinage, représente les dimensions géométriques des solides, la seconde, notée m pour mobilité, représente les paramètres de position relative de deux solides en contact. Ensuite, les équations de fermeture sont obtenues par une méthode ``coordinate free'' à partir d'une matrice de Gram. C'est à cette étape que les deux méthodes diffèrent. Dans le cas de l'analyse numérique locale, le système d'équations est linéarisé. La décomposition en valeur singulière est utilisée pour l'élimination des paramètres. Nous obtenons ensuite les conditions d'assemblage dans un voisinage de la configuration initiale. Les conditions de mobilité sont calculées à partir des conditions d'assemblage issues d'un nombre fini de configurations. Dans le cas de l'analyse symbolique, nous calculons formellement la base de Gröbner associée aux équations de fermeture et cela grâce à l'algorithme FGb de Faugère. Il existe peu de références sur l'utilisation des Bases de Gröbner en cinématique, et aucune ne présente une analyse exhaustive du problème. Avec l'ordre lexicographique, nous ne gardons que des paramètres u et éliminons tous les autres. Lorsque ces relations en u sont vérifiées, elles représentent les conditions d'assemblage, dites relations de surcontraintes. Cet ensemble peut être vide lorsque le système est isocontraint. Pour générer les conditions de mobilité, nous gardons tous les u et un paramètre de mobilité. En annulant les coefficients en facteur de ce paramètre de mobilité, un nouveau système qui ne dépend que de u est construit. Les conditions de mobilité sont obtenues en calculant la base de Gröbner du nouveau système. Pour atteindre les résultats désirés, nous avons également proposé deux outils: saturation et contrainte. Ils permettent de parcourir un sous-ensemble de solutions représentées par une base de Gröbner. La confrontation des résultats obtenus dans la thèse avec ceux de la littérature, pour quelques de mécanismes connus, permet d'affirmer la validité et la complétude de la méthode. / In mechanical kinematics analysis, no generic method allows to generate symbolic assembly conditions for mechanisms with rigid bodies (especially for overconstrained mechanisms). However, many formulas can help to compute mobility. Kutzbach, Grübler and Tchebitcheff are associated to different formulas but none of them works in every case. For this reason, we propose generic numerical and symbolic methods in order to obtain assembly and mobility conditions from closed-loop equations. The numerical and symbolic methods presented in this thesis have the same starting point. They both use Denavit-Hartenberg parameters. These parameters are divided into two types : the first is called u, representing geometric dimensions of rigid bodies ; the second type is called m (for parameters of mobility), representing the relative motion between two rigid bodies in contact. First of all, closed-loop equation are written using a coordinate free method based on Gram matrix. After this step, the two methods differ. In case of numerical analysis, the system of equations is linearized. The Singular Value Decomposition is used to eliminate parameters. We then compute assembly conditions in the neighborhood of the initial configuration. Mobility conditions are computed based on assembly conditions which result from a finite number of configurations. In case of symbolic analysis, we calculate the Gröbner basis associated with closed-loop equations in order to eliminate parameters of mobility. There are few references talking about the application of Gröbner basis in kinematics analysis. None of these references provides a well explained analysis of kinematics problem. Since we have been collaborating with Mr. Faugère, we use the package “FGb” for the elimination of parameters of mobility. With a specified order, relations between the u parameters could be computed by eliminating the m parameters. When verified, these relations are assembly conditions, also named over-constrained assembly conditions. This set of relations may be empty when the studied system is iso-constrained. To generate mobility conditions, one has to keep all u parameters and only one parameter of mobility. When mobility parameter’s coefficients vanish, the mechanism is mobile with 1 degree of freedom. To determine two kinds of conditions, we propose also two tools : saturation and constraint. They allow browsing a subset of system’s solutions which is represented by a Gröbner basis. Since our results are identical to the ones found in literature, our method is valid and complete.

The Chinese social bandit (yu-hsia) tradition is a time- honoured and vital element of Chinese cultural expression. It has been present from the earliest Chinese written works and continues to appear in the contemporary Chinese cinema and paperback novel. Nevertheless, the subject has been virtually untouched by social historians. The present discussion is, therefore, an attempt to establish the value of this tradition for the student of Chinese social history and to suggest particular problems in the study of the yu-hsia which appear to warrant future investigations. Specifically, this thesis suggests that the yu-hsia may be seen as the Chinese equivalents of Western social bandits such as Robin Hood and that the female yu-hsia (nu-hsia) may be seen as equivalent to the amazonian figure in European culture. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This study investigates the effects of the arctic and subarctic climatic conditions on the built environment, urban housing in particular. The method of research and development of this thesis has been through a literature search coupled with my own working/ design experience in the North (Fairbanks, Alaska) for three years. The thesis is in three parts (chapters 2, 3» and k)» The first part makes a comparison of the climatic conditions in the different northern climatic zones within the state of Alaska, as well as comparing these to more southern climatic zones. The second part (main body of the thesis) investigates the building design responses (solutions) to the varied climatic conditions: solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, wind, and special climatic conditions (humidity/moisture potential, blowing snow, permafrost, and frost heave). This analysis is organized into "planning levels". Four planning levels are established which deal with ^) site layout/circulation patterns, (2) building size, shape, and orientation, activity/space arrangement, and (J) detailing of the building fabric. Using the parameters established in part 2, planning level 1, part 3 illustrates a townsite layout for a specific site, the Willow Site in subarctic Alaska where the new Alaska State Capital i6 to be located. The majority of people who live in the northern urban areas look to the south for their housing styles and designs as well as assess housing quality by "southern standards". Presently there are few ways for people living ln the North to evaluate the quality of housing for that particular climate except through trial and quite often error. This thesis produces an ordered listing of building/housing responses to the northern climates which can be disseminated to the public who can then better assess housing performance and quality for their particular physical environment. The information contained within this thesis would also be of use to professionals in arriving at design decisions for housing/building in northern areas. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate