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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Construção de um Susceptômetro AC Autobalanceado e Estudo de Polímeros Condutores Eletrônicos por Susceptibilidade Magnética e Ressonância Magnética. / Construction of and auto-balanced ac suceptometer and study of eletronic conductor polymers for magnetic susceptibility and magnetic resonance.

Souza, Ruberley Rodrigues de 04 March 1998 (has links)
Neste trabalho, é descrito uma ponte de indutâncias mútuas que pode ser usada para medidas automáticas de susceptibilidade magnética AC, em freqüências até 1 kHz. Este susceptômetro utiliza um novo e alternativo arranjo para o \"probe\". O conjunto de bobinas, mantido em temperatura ambiente, é movimentado de tal forma a posicionar a amostra no centro de cada uma das bobinas secundárias. A amostra, cuja posição é fixa, tem sua temperatura controlada por um criostato de fluxo de Hélio. O acoplamento magnético do \"probe\" com materiais na vizinhança foi minimizado com o uso de uma blindagem magnética. Este \"probe\" tem uma sensibilidade de 10-7 emu com um campo magnético AC de 8 G rms e freqüência de 100 Hz. Neste trabalho, são apresentados também alguns resultados de susceptibilidade magnética AC, obtidos em supercondutores de alto Tc e compostos intermetálicos de terras raras. A relação entre transporte de cargas e propriedades magnéticas, de poliparafenileno (PPP) dopado com FeCl3 e poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA) dopada com TFA e HCl, foi estudada utilizando as técnicas de Susceptibilidade Magnética AC (SMAC), Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Os resultados obtidos para o PPP foram interpretados em termos de três contribuições: presença do polaron paramagnético, cuja mobilidade aumenta com o aumento da temperatura; íons Fe3+ coordenados em sítios de baixa simetria da molécula FeCl3; e íons Fe3+ fortemente acoplados via interação de troca. A dependência com a temperatura do sinal de RPE da POMA pode ser entendido em termos da dinâmica dos polarons. O estreitamento da linha de RPE, devido a dopagem do material, pode ser explicada por dois processos diferentes. Em baixas temperaturas, predomina a interação de troca polaron-polaron, modulada pelas autuações de spin. Em altas temperaturas o \"motional narrowing\" é provocado pelo aumento de mobilidade do polaron. Em temperaturas intermediárias, é observado um efeito anômalo: a largura de linha cresce abruptamente, produzindo um pico em torno de 220 K. Este pico pode ser associado a contribuição não secular para a largura de linha. Acredita-se que o espalhamento do polaron por moléculas de oxigênio, promova um aumento no mecanismo de relaxação spin-rede. Os resultados de RMN para o 1H e 19F mostram que as componentes espectrais da largura de linha, são associadas com as fases amorfa e cristalina da POMA. Neste material, a taxa de relaxação spin-rede do 1H aumenta mais de uma ordem de grandeza com a dopagem. Isto pode ser explicado por um mecanismo de relaxação envolvendo acoplamento hiperfino núcleo-polaron. / A mutual inductance bridge which may be used for automatic measurement of ac magnetic susceptibilities from 4 K to room temperature, at frequencies up to 1 kHz, is described. The susceptometer employs an alternative and new arrangement for the probe. The coil set is kept at room temperature and moves in such a way to place the sample in the center of each of the secondary coils. The sample, motionless, has its temperature controlled by a helium flow refrigerator. Use of a magnetic shield minimizes coupling of the probe with nearby materials. This probe has a sensitivity of 10-7 emu in an ac magnetic field of 8G rms and frequency of 100 Hz. Typical results of ac magnetic susceptibility, obtained in high Tc, superconductors and rare earth intermetallic compounds are shown. AC Magnetic Susceptibility, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) were used to study the relation between charge transport and magnetic properties of polyparaphenylene (PPP) doped with FeCl3 and poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) doped with TFA and HCl. The results obtained in PPP can be interpreted in terms of three major contributions: the presence of the paramagnetic polaron, whose mobility increases with increasing temperature, Fe3+ ions coordinated in the low symmetry site of the FeCl3 molecule, and Fe3+ ions strongly coupled via exchange interaction. The temperature behavior of the EPR of POMA can be understood in terms of the dynamics of the polaron. Line narrowing, induced by doping the material, can be explained by two different processes. At low temperature, polarons are coupled via exchange interaction and the exchange narrowing of the line is caused by thermal spin fluctuations. At high temperature, motional narrowing is the most efficient mechanism. At intermediate temperatures, an anomalous effect is observed: linewidth increase abruptly, showing a peak at 220 K. This peak can be associated to the non-secular contribution to the line width. It is assumed that the spin-lattice relaxation mechanism is enhanced, at this temperature, due to the polaron scattering by paramagnetic oxygen molecules. 1H and 19F NMR data shows that the linewidth spectral components are associated with the amorphous and crystalline phases of the POMA. 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates, in this material, increases more than one order of magnitude after doping. This can be explained by a relaxation mechanism involving nucleus-polaron hyperfine coupling.
2

Construção de um Susceptômetro AC Autobalanceado e Estudo de Polímeros Condutores Eletrônicos por Susceptibilidade Magnética e Ressonância Magnética. / Construction of and auto-balanced ac suceptometer and study of eletronic conductor polymers for magnetic susceptibility and magnetic resonance.

Ruberley Rodrigues de Souza 04 March 1998 (has links)
Neste trabalho, é descrito uma ponte de indutâncias mútuas que pode ser usada para medidas automáticas de susceptibilidade magnética AC, em freqüências até 1 kHz. Este susceptômetro utiliza um novo e alternativo arranjo para o \"probe\". O conjunto de bobinas, mantido em temperatura ambiente, é movimentado de tal forma a posicionar a amostra no centro de cada uma das bobinas secundárias. A amostra, cuja posição é fixa, tem sua temperatura controlada por um criostato de fluxo de Hélio. O acoplamento magnético do \"probe\" com materiais na vizinhança foi minimizado com o uso de uma blindagem magnética. Este \"probe\" tem uma sensibilidade de 10-7 emu com um campo magnético AC de 8 G rms e freqüência de 100 Hz. Neste trabalho, são apresentados também alguns resultados de susceptibilidade magnética AC, obtidos em supercondutores de alto Tc e compostos intermetálicos de terras raras. A relação entre transporte de cargas e propriedades magnéticas, de poliparafenileno (PPP) dopado com FeCl3 e poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA) dopada com TFA e HCl, foi estudada utilizando as técnicas de Susceptibilidade Magnética AC (SMAC), Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Os resultados obtidos para o PPP foram interpretados em termos de três contribuições: presença do polaron paramagnético, cuja mobilidade aumenta com o aumento da temperatura; íons Fe3+ coordenados em sítios de baixa simetria da molécula FeCl3; e íons Fe3+ fortemente acoplados via interação de troca. A dependência com a temperatura do sinal de RPE da POMA pode ser entendido em termos da dinâmica dos polarons. O estreitamento da linha de RPE, devido a dopagem do material, pode ser explicada por dois processos diferentes. Em baixas temperaturas, predomina a interação de troca polaron-polaron, modulada pelas autuações de spin. Em altas temperaturas o \"motional narrowing\" é provocado pelo aumento de mobilidade do polaron. Em temperaturas intermediárias, é observado um efeito anômalo: a largura de linha cresce abruptamente, produzindo um pico em torno de 220 K. Este pico pode ser associado a contribuição não secular para a largura de linha. Acredita-se que o espalhamento do polaron por moléculas de oxigênio, promova um aumento no mecanismo de relaxação spin-rede. Os resultados de RMN para o 1H e 19F mostram que as componentes espectrais da largura de linha, são associadas com as fases amorfa e cristalina da POMA. Neste material, a taxa de relaxação spin-rede do 1H aumenta mais de uma ordem de grandeza com a dopagem. Isto pode ser explicado por um mecanismo de relaxação envolvendo acoplamento hiperfino núcleo-polaron. / A mutual inductance bridge which may be used for automatic measurement of ac magnetic susceptibilities from 4 K to room temperature, at frequencies up to 1 kHz, is described. The susceptometer employs an alternative and new arrangement for the probe. The coil set is kept at room temperature and moves in such a way to place the sample in the center of each of the secondary coils. The sample, motionless, has its temperature controlled by a helium flow refrigerator. Use of a magnetic shield minimizes coupling of the probe with nearby materials. This probe has a sensitivity of 10-7 emu in an ac magnetic field of 8G rms and frequency of 100 Hz. Typical results of ac magnetic susceptibility, obtained in high Tc, superconductors and rare earth intermetallic compounds are shown. AC Magnetic Susceptibility, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) were used to study the relation between charge transport and magnetic properties of polyparaphenylene (PPP) doped with FeCl3 and poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) doped with TFA and HCl. The results obtained in PPP can be interpreted in terms of three major contributions: the presence of the paramagnetic polaron, whose mobility increases with increasing temperature, Fe3+ ions coordinated in the low symmetry site of the FeCl3 molecule, and Fe3+ ions strongly coupled via exchange interaction. The temperature behavior of the EPR of POMA can be understood in terms of the dynamics of the polaron. Line narrowing, induced by doping the material, can be explained by two different processes. At low temperature, polarons are coupled via exchange interaction and the exchange narrowing of the line is caused by thermal spin fluctuations. At high temperature, motional narrowing is the most efficient mechanism. At intermediate temperatures, an anomalous effect is observed: linewidth increase abruptly, showing a peak at 220 K. This peak can be associated to the non-secular contribution to the line width. It is assumed that the spin-lattice relaxation mechanism is enhanced, at this temperature, due to the polaron scattering by paramagnetic oxygen molecules. 1H and 19F NMR data shows that the linewidth spectral components are associated with the amorphous and crystalline phases of the POMA. 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates, in this material, increases more than one order of magnitude after doping. This can be explained by a relaxation mechanism involving nucleus-polaron hyperfine coupling.
3

Conception et développement d'un capteur électrochimique à base de polymères conducteurs à mémoire de forme pour la détection de petites molécules : application au cas de l'atrazine / Development of an electrochemical sensor based on molecular imprinted conducting polymers for the detection of small organics molecules and synthesis and characterization of new thiophene monomers for electrochemical sensor

Pardieu, Elodie 16 July 2010 (has links)
Les besoins d’outils d’analyse et de contrôle de plus en plus performants en termes de spécificité et sensibilité favorisent le développement des capteurs chimiques et des biocapteurs. Ce travail, s’inscrivant dans ce contexte, a conduit au développement d’un capteur électrochimique à base de polymères conducteurs dédiés à la détection de molécules de faible poids moléculaire. Celui-ci repose sur l’association entre les propriétés de reconnaissance des polymères à empreintes moléculaires et celles de conduction des polymères conducteurs obtenant ainsi un capteur à base de polymères conjugués à mémoires de forme le SMP. Le polymère est obtenu en deux étapes i) une électropolymérisation sur une électrode de platine de l’EDOT avec le pré-complexé formé par l’acide thiophène-3-acétique avec atrazine via des liaisons hydrogène ii) l’extraction de l’atrazine créant des sites à mémoire de forme. Le SMP développé présente une gamme de concentration de 2,5.10-6 M à 5.10-3 M avec un seuil de détection de l’ordre du µM et une sélectivité vis-à-vis de la famille des triazines. Afin d’améliorer les performances de ce capteur et d’élargir le choix de cibles à détecter la synthèse de terthyènyle constitués de l’EDOT de part et d’autre d’un thiophène central fonctionnalisé en β a été réalisé. Ces trimères présentant des pics d’oxydation vers les 0,7 V / Ag/AgNO3 permettent d’envisager le développement de nouvelles fonctionnalités avant ou post-polymérisation tout en ayant un contrôle de la stœchiométrie et de la répartition des groupements fonctionnels. / A rapidly increasing interest is actually devoted in the literature to the design of new analytical and control devices able to form efficient chemical sensors. Thus the aim of our work was the design and the development of an electrochemical sensor based on intrinsically molecularly imprinted conducting polymer for the selective and sensitive detection of small target molecules. This goal will be achieved by the used of the recognition properties of moleculary imprinted polymer, together with the electrical conduction of conducting polymer. An original electrochemical sensor based on shape memory polymer has been constructed. This sensor has been realized following two steps: (i) a frst electropolymerisation on a platinum electrode of two co-monomers Thiophene acetic acid TAA already associated through H bonding to the atrazine target and EDOT which is intinded to play the role of conjugated link between the TAA moieties and (ii) removal of atrazine from the resulting conjugated polymer, leaving recognition sites with shape memory. The obtained sensor shows remarkable properties: a high selectivity towards the triazinic family, a large detection dynamic (2.5x10−6 to 5x10−3 M) and a low detection threshold (10−6 M). In order to increase the efficiency of this sensor and to allow the detection of a wide range molecular targets, a terthienyl, i.e. two EDOT units on both sides of the -functionalized thiophene units has been syntesized. These trimers possess an oxydation peak at about +0.7 V/ Ag/AgNO3, allowing the potential development of new pre or post polymerisation functionalities, still controling of the stoechiometry and the distributuion of functional groups.
4

Structure et auto organisation d'organogélateurs électron-accepteurs à base de pérylène bisimide / Structure and self-assembly of perylene bisimide based electron-acceptors organogelators

Sarbu, Alexandru 11 February 2014 (has links)
L’amélioration des performances des dispositifs photovoltaïques organiques passe par le contrôle de la morphologie de leurs couches actives. Nous cherchons à préparer une hétérojonction volumique donneur-accepteur nanostructurée en utilisant la nucléation hétérogène des poly(3-alkylthiophène)s (P3AT) donneurs sur des fibres d'organogélateurs accepteurs à base de pérylène bisimide (PBI).La première partie de ce travail présente la synthèse de trois dérivés PBI symétriquement N-substitués par des dendrons portant des groupes amides avec des chaînes latérales linéaires (PBI-C8) et ramifiées (PBI-C10) ou par une chaîne alkyle linéaire (PBI-L18). Leur étude physicochimique comparée met en évidence le rôle des liaisons H et de la substitution des chaînes latérales dans l’auto-assemblage.La seconde partie détaille les conditions d’obtention, la structure et les propriétés de deux polymorphes du PBI-C10 générés par la réorganisation des liaisons H.Finalement nous donnons une preuve de concept de l’obtention d’une hétérojonction donneur-accepteur par la nucléation des fibrilles de P3BT sur des rubans de PBI-C8 auto-assemblés. / Improving the performances of organic photovoltaic devices requires morphology control of the active layers. We seek to prepare highly nanostructured donor-acceptor bulk heterojunctions using the nucleation of semi-conducting donor polymers e.g. poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (P3AT) on self-assembled ribbons of perylene bisimide organogelators.The first part of this work concerns the synthesis of three PBI compounds symmetrically N-substituted by dendrons bearing amide groups and having linear (PBI-C8) and branched (PBI-C10) side-chains or a linear alkyl chain (PBI-L18). Their compared physicochemical study points to the role of H bonds and of side-chains substitution in the self-assembly process.The second part develops to a large extent the structure and the properties of two polymorphs of PBI-C10 generated by H bond reorganization.Finally, a proof of concept is given for the elaboration of donor-acceptor heterojunctions in solution by nucleating P3BT fibrils on self-assembled ribbons of PBI-C8.

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