Chapter 0 In this introductory chapter, certain notational and terminological conventions are established and a summary given of background results that are needed in subsequent chapters. Chapter 1 In this chapter, the notion of a "weak conguence formula" [Tay72], [BB75] is introduced and used to characterize both subdirectly irreducible algebras and essential extensions. Special attention is paid to the role they play in varieties with definable principal congruences. The chapter focuses on residually small varieties; several of its results take their motivation from the so-called "Quackenbush Problem" and the "RS Conjecture". One of the main results presented gives nine equivalent characterizations of a residually small variety; it is largely due to W. Taylor. It is followed by several illustrative examples of residually small varieties. The connections between residual smallness and several other (mostly categorical) properties are also considered, e.g., absolute retracts, injectivity, congruence extensibility, transferability of injections and the existence of injective hulls. A result of Taylor that establishes a bound on the size of an injective hull is included. Chapter 2 Beginning with a proof of A. Day's Mal'cev-style characterization of congruence modular varieties [Day69] (incorporating H.-P. Gumm's "Shifting Lemma"), this chapter is a self-contained development of commutator theory in such varieties. We adopt the purely algebraic approach of R. Freese and R. McKenzie [FM87] but show that, in modular varieties, their notion of the commutator [α,β] of two congruences α and β of an algebra coincides with that introduced earlier by J. Hagemann and C. Herrmann [HH79] as well as with the geometric approach proposed by Gumm [Gum80a],[Gum83]. Basic properties of the commutator are established, such as that it behaves very well with respect to homomorphisms and sufficiently well in products and subalgebras. Various characterizations of the condition "(x, y) Є [α,β]” are proved. These results will be applied in the following chapters. We show how the theory manifests itself in groups (where it gives the familiar group theoretic commutator), rings, modules and congruence distributive varieties. Chapter 3 We define Abelian congruences, and Abelian and affine algebras. Abelian algebras are algebras A in which [A2, A2] = idA (where A2 and idA are the greatest and least congruences of A). We show that an affine algebra is polynomially equivalent to a module over a ring (and is Abelian). We give a proof that an Abelian algebra in a modular variety is affine; this is Herrmann's Funda- mental Theorem of Abelian Algebras [Her79]. Herrmann and Gumm [Gum78], [Gum80a] established that any modular variety has a so-called ternary "difference term" (a key ingredient of the Fundamental Theorem's proof). We derive some properties of such a term, the most significant being that its existence characterizes modular varieties. Chapter 4 An important result in this chapter (which is due to several authors) is the description of subdirectly irreducible algebras in a congruence modular variety. In the case of congruence distributive varieties, this theorem specializes to Jόnsson's Theorem. We consider some properties of a commutator identity (Cl) which is a necessary condition for a modular variety to be residually small. In the main result of the chapter we see that for a finite algebra A in a modular variety, the variety V(A) is residually small if and only if the subalgebras of A satisfy (Cl). This theorem of Freese and McKenzie also proves that a finitely generated congruence modular residually small variety has a finite residual bound, and it describes such a bound. Thus, within modular varieties, it proves the RS Conjecture. Conclusion The conclusion is a brief survey of further important results about residually small varieties, and includes mention of the recently disproved (general) RS Conjecture. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

<p>Data je karakterizacija raznih tipova specijalnih elemenata mreže, kao &scaron;to su kodistributivni, neutralni, skrativi, standardni, izuzetni, neprekidni, beskonačno distributivni i drugi i ti rezultati su primenjeni u strukturnim ispitivanjima algebri, posebno u mrežama kongruencija, podalgebri i slabih kongruencija algebri.&nbsp; Specijalni elementi su posebno proučavani i u bipolumrežama i dobijene su nove teoreme reprezentacije za bipolumreže. Ispitana je kolekcija svih mreža sa istim skupom i-nerazloživih elemenata, pokazano je da je ta kolekcija i sama mreža u odnosu na inkluziju i daju se karakterizacije te mreže.&nbsp; Re&scaron;avan je problem preno&scaron;enja mrežnih identiteta sa mreže podalgebri i kongruencija na mrežu slabih kongruencija. Proučavane su osobine svojstva preseka kongruencija i svojstva pro&scaron;irenja kongruencija i neke varijante tih svojstava u vezi sa mrežama slabih kongruencija. Date su karakterizacije mreže slabih kongruencija nekih posebnih klasa algebri i varijeteta, kao &scaron;to su unarne algebra, mreže, grupe, Hamiltonove algebra i druge.</p> / <p>A characterization of various types of special elements in lattices: codistributive,&nbsp; neutral, cancellable, standard, exceptional, continuous, infinitely distributive and others are given, and the results are applied in structural investigations in algebras, in particular in lattices of subalgebras, congruences and weak congruences. Special elements are investigated also in bi-semilattices and new representation theorems for bisemilattices are obtained. The collection of all lattices with the same poset of meet-irreducible elements is studied and it is proved that this collection is a lattice under inclusion and characterizations of this lattice is given.&nbsp; A problem of transferability of lattice identities from lattices of subalgebras and congruences to&nbsp; lattices of weak congruencse of&nbsp; algebras is solved. The congruence intersection property and the congruence extension property as well as various alternations of these properties are investigated in connection with weak congruence lattices. Characterizations of weak congruence lattices of special classes of algebras and varieties, as unary algebras, lattices, groups, Hamiltonian algebras and others are given.</p>