This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal sufentanil/midazolam [S/M] and ketamine/madazolam [K/M] for sedation and analgesia in preschool children that require dental surgery [extractions].<br /> <br /> Fifty children [ASA 1] aged 5 &ndash / 7 years, requiring six or more dental extractions under general anaesthesia, were allocated to two groups of 25 children to receive either ketamine 5 mg/kg or sufentanil 20&mu / g intranasally, 20 minutes before induction of surgery in this randomised double-blind study. All the children in both groups in addition concurrently received nasal midazolam 0,3 mg/kg. For induction of anaesthesia, sevoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen, was used.<br /> <br /> S/M was accepted significantly better as a nasal pre-medication [p&lt / 0.05]. Both groups were equally sedated and a smooth mask induction of anaesthesia was experienced in the majority of children. Recovery of children in both groups were similar / 82% of the S/M group were fully recovered 120 minutes post-operatively versus 80% in the K/M group [p&gt / 0,05]. Effective postoperative analgesia for multiple extractions was provided. For pain evaluation, children were divided into two groups, a non-responder group where all pain values over time were more than 40 and a responder group where pain values were equal to, or less than 40. Seventy two percent of children in the S/M group were responders as to fifty two percent in the K/M group [p&gt / 0,05]. No adverse respiratory, cardiovascular or other effects were recorded. This study showed that intranasal administration of sufentanil /midazolam or ketamine/midazolam, provides safe and effective sedation and analgesia in children aged 5&ndash / 7 years undergoing multiple dental extractions.

<p>This thesis covered the fast track assessment of the referred dental patient for conscious sedation in a day clinic. The assessment took in consideration patient information, medical history, anatomical observations, treatment required, phobic aspects and patient expectations.</p>

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal sufentanil/midazolam [S/M] and ketamine/madazolam [K/M] for sedation and analgesia in preschool children that require dental surgery [extractions].<br /> <br /> Fifty children [ASA 1] aged 5 &ndash / 7 years, requiring six or more dental extractions under general anaesthesia, were allocated to two groups of 25 children to receive either ketamine 5 mg/kg or sufentanil 20&mu / g intranasally, 20 minutes before induction of surgery in this randomised double-blind study. All the children in both groups in addition concurrently received nasal midazolam 0,3 mg/kg. For induction of anaesthesia, sevoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen, was used.<br /> <br /> S/M was accepted significantly better as a nasal pre-medication [p&lt / 0.05]. Both groups were equally sedated and a smooth mask induction of anaesthesia was experienced in the majority of children. Recovery of children in both groups were similar / 82% of the S/M group were fully recovered 120 minutes post-operatively versus 80% in the K/M group [p&gt / 0,05]. Effective postoperative analgesia for multiple extractions was provided. For pain evaluation, children were divided into two groups, a non-responder group where all pain values over time were more than 40 and a responder group where pain values were equal to, or less than 40. Seventy two percent of children in the S/M group were responders as to fifty two percent in the K/M group [p&gt / 0,05]. No adverse respiratory, cardiovascular or other effects were recorded. This study showed that intranasal administration of sufentanil /midazolam or ketamine/midazolam, provides safe and effective sedation and analgesia in children aged 5&ndash / 7 years undergoing multiple dental extractions.

<p>This thesis covered the fast track assessment of the referred dental patient for conscious sedation in a day clinic. The assessment took in consideration patient information, medical history, anatomical observations, treatment required, phobic aspects and patient expectations.</p>

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal sufentanil/midazolam [S/M] and ketamine/madazolam [K/M] for sedation and analgesia in preschool children that require dental surgery [extractions]. Fifty children [ASA 1] aged 5 – 7 years, requiring six or more dental extractions under general anaesthesia, were allocated to two groups of 25 children to receive either ketamine 5 mg/kg or sufentanil 20μg intranasally, 20 minutes before induction of surgery in this randomised double-blind study. All the children in both groups in addition concurrently received nasal midazolam 0,3 mg/kg. For induction of anaesthesia, sevoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen, was used. S/M was accepted significantly better as a nasal pre-medication [p<0.05]. Both groups were equally sedated and a smooth mask induction of anaesthesia was experienced in the majority of children. Recovery of children in both groups were similar; 82% of the S/M group were fully recovered 120 minutes post-operatively versus 80% in the K/M group [p>0,05]. Effective postoperative analgesia for multiple extractions was provided. For pain evaluation, children were divided into two groups, a non-responder group where all pain values over time were more than 40 and a responder group where pain values were equal to, or less than 40. Seventy two percent of children in the S/M group were responders as to fifty two percent in the K/M group [p>0,05]. No adverse respiratory, cardiovascular or other effects were recorded. This study showed that intranasal administration of sufentanil /midazolam or ketamine/midazolam, provides safe and effective sedation and analgesia in children aged 5–7 years undergoing multiple dental extractions.

This thesis covered the fast track assessment of the referred dental patient for conscious sedation in a day clinic. The assessment took in consideration patient information, medical history, anatomical observations, treatment required, phobic aspects and patient expectations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-97).

O presente estudo objetiva mostrar ao Cirurgião Dentista, os quesitos necessários para se formar um Odontólogo apto a praticar a sedação inalatória, bem como os itens de segurança e de respaldo legal que deverão compor o seu ambiente de trabalho ao se utiliza desta técnica. O estudo foi fundamentado a partir de revisão de literatura sobre o tema, tendo como metodologia o estilo de Vancouver. A analgesia inalatória pela mistura gasosa de óxido nitroso e oxigênio constitui um excelente instrumento no controle da dor e da ansiedade dos pacientes durante o tratamento odontológico. É importante observar que a técnica de analgesia inalatória pela mistura gasosa de óxido nitroso e oxigênio deve ser realizada por meio de normatização técnica para garantir a eficiência da técnica e evitar transtornos. O roteiro proposto no trabalho visa apresentar as características de segurança e detalhamento das especificações técnicas dos estabelecimentos de assistência odontológica para o emprego da técnica de analgesia inalatória pela mistura gasosa de óxido nitroso e oxigênio. / This study has as objective to suggest a number of propositions in order to prepare and develop a dental office to perform conscious sedation by inhalatory analgesia using nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture. It was based on the revision of literature about the subject, having as methodology the Vancouver style. The conscientious sedation constitutes an excellent instrument in the control of the patient?s anxiety during dental treatment. It also will show to the Dentist the necessary requirements to the training of his personal and himself. It is important to observe that the technique itself must follow normative rules to guarantee its efficiency. The scope considered in the work aims present characteristics of security and detailed specifications to establish dental assistance for the use of conscious sedation by nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / A depressÃo à uma doenÃa crÃnica, grave que afeta cerca de 350 milhÃes de pessoas no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos antidepressivos do Ãcido lipÃico (ALA) associado a mirtazapina (MIRT) via mecanismos antioxidativos em modelo animal de depressÃo induzido por corticosterona. Camundongos machos adultos receberam 0,3% Tween 80, Corticosterona (CORT 20 mg/kg), MIRT (3 mg/kg), ALA (100 ou 200 mg/kg), sozinhos ou associados por 21 dias. No Ãltimo dia de tratamento os animais foram submetidos aos seguintes testes: campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado, suspensÃo de cauda, preferÃncia por sacarose, rota rod e tempo de sono. AlteraÃÃes oxidativas (glutationa reduzida-GSH e peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica- MDA) e nitrito no cÃrtex prÃ-frontal (CPF), hipocampo (HC) e corpo estriado (CE); e fator neurotrÃfico derivado do cÃrebro (BDNF) no CPF e HC tambÃm foram abordadas. A administraÃÃo crÃnica de CORT desenvolveu alguns comportamentos tipo-depressivos que foram revertidos com MIRT e/ou ALA. A associaÃÃo de ALA e MIRT reverteu o efeito sedativo provocado pela administraÃÃo de MIRT sozinha, assim como a hipersonia causada pela administraÃÃo crÃnica de CORT. A administraÃÃo de CORT, ALA 200 e MIRT associados mostrou um aumento significativos nos nÃveis de GSH no cÃrtex prÃ-frontal (113%), hipocampo (90,27%) e corpo estriado (127%) quando comparado com o grupo tratado com CORT sozinha; efeitos semelhantes foram observados na peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica e nos nÃveis de nitrito, com reduÃÃo dos nÃveis de MDA e nitrito no hipocampo e corpo estriado dos grupos tratados com a associaÃÃo de CORT, ALA 200 e MIRT quando comparados com o grupo tratado com CORT sozinha, respectivamente. No geral, ALA parece ser uma alternativa para o tratamento da depressÃo quando associado com MIRT, pois aumenta a neuroproteÃÃo e reduz o efeito colateral de sedaÃÃo. / Depression is a chronic, serious illness that affects about 350 million people worldwide. The objective of this work was to study the antidepressant effects of lipoic acid (ALA) associated with mirtazapine (MIRT) via antioxidative mechanisms in animal models of depression induced by corticosterone. Adult male mice received 0.3% Tween 80, corticosterone (Cort 20 mg / kg) MIRT (3 mg / kg), ALA (100 or 200 mg / kg), alone or associated for 21 days. On the last day of treatment the animals were subjected to the following tests: open field, elevated plus maze, tail suspension, preference for sucrose, route rod and sleep time. Oxidative changes (reduced glutathione and GSH-peroxidation lipÃdica- MDA) and nitrite in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and striatum (CE); and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the CPF and HC were also addressed. Chronic administration of CORT developed some kind-depressive behaviors were reversed with MIRT and / or ALA. The association of ALA and MIRT reversed the sedative effect caused by the administration alone MIRT, as hypersomnia caused by the chronic administration of CORT. The administration CORT ALA 200 and associated MIRT showed significant increase in GSH levels in the prefrontal cortex (113%), hippocampus (90.27%) and striatum (127%) compared to the group treated with CORT alone; Similar effects were observed on lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels with reduction of MDA and nitrite levels in the hippocampus and striatum in the groups treated with the combination CORT ALA MIRT 200 and compared with the group treated with CORT alone respectively. Overall, ALA seems to be an alternative for treatment of depression associated with MIRT when, for neuroprotection increases and reduces the side effect of sedation.