Although urban heritage has been a research field in the focus of scholars’ attention since the concepts of restoration and rehabilitation of monuments had been extended to entire areas such as historical city centres, before the mid‐twentieth century, architectural studies approached towns only through individual historical monuments, and historical studies only through juridical, political, and religious institutions or economic and social structures. In consequence, urban space as the manifestation of the urban phenomenon in its complexity has been largely ignored by the practice of urban conservation. This thesis aims to be a theoretical approach to the field of urban conservation, revealing its place at the crossing of history, architecture, urbanism, geography, philosophy, and anthropology. The creation of place, its understanding, the meaning that places hold for human identity and the way they shape us in return. The basis of such an enquiry is set by looking at attitudes towards the historic fabric over time and the origins of the notion of ‘urban conservation’ in its European context. The concentration of economic, social and cultural exchanges over long periods of time, which characterises traditional urban cultures, gives the value of historical areas in towns. Therefore, the history of urban development provides a substantial contribution towards the protection, conservation, and restoration policy of historic towns and urban areas as well as towards their development and adaptation to contemporary life. The term ‘integrated conservation’ emerged as a response to these changes in conservation’s relationship to heritage and its context. This broadened image of heritage enables a better understanding of how human activity has shaped the urban fabric and of how conservation can be perceived today as a component of management of urban change. This raises a number of theoretical and methodological issues, which are discussed in detail in this thesis: how do we understand the historic urban areas and how do we elicit their cultural values in order to protect and use these values. This research is therefore concerned with the origin and nature of ideas relevant to urban conservation, rather than with what is commonly regarded as being a prescriptive doctrine in heritage conservation generally, and indeed urban conservation. In reality, this latter view of the theoretical and philosophical body of research in conservation is hindering its theoretical development as a discipline and has an undesired, stalling effect on practice development. This is why this research aims to provide tools for thinking about specific conservation issues, not self‐sufficient theories. The references span a very wide timescale because of the inherent preoccupation of humans with their own inhabiting of the world, which is ultimately the frame in which urban settlements are inscribed.

本文之研究問題在於瞭解：１、現行我國野生動物保育政策之執行情形為何﹖２、如果政策執行情況良好，為何會發生犀牛角事件﹖３、存在於個案之間的關係，例如政策內容、執行體系、第三部門、標的團體，甚至我國與國際間的互動情況為何﹖４、取締持有犀牛角是否為政策執行的主要目標﹖如果不是的話，那麼，真正的政策目標為何及如何落實野生動物保育政策﹖５、事件之後的政策執行幅度及所造成的政策變遷為何﹖ 　　為了對上述之研究問題能有充分的瞭解及論述，本文首先整理政策執行文獻所有的研究變數，並歸納為政策內容、執行主體、標的團體、及環境因素等四項；此外另從環境變項中提出第三部門（本文乃專指以保育為主要議題之國內外保育團體或基金會）加入政策關係人間的互動。 　　最後，為求建立一個解釋性較廣的分析架構，乃融合了林水波等三位教授之「強化執行力」模式，亞歷山大(Alexander)之「政策─方案─執行過程」(PPIP)模式，以及保羅、伯曼(Paul Berman)之「總體個體」執行模式，成為本文之分析架構。並且，基於此一架構，顯示了本文與其他碩士論文不同之特點，包括：１、注重內外環境的剌激。２、提昇第三部門的執行地位。３、兼論總體及個體執行。４、蘊含對結果的評估及政策變遷。

There are approximately 1300 completely or partially preserved medieval churches in Sweden. Many of these have remains of kalkmåleri (mural paintings at least partially created in lime) from the 12th throughout the 17th century. This dissertation discusses the enactments that formed the revival of this kalkmåleri between 1850 and 1980, with a focus on restoration and conservation. The decorative and monumental paintings that were created at the same time are also discussed. The study is divided into two sections: one concentrates on the mural paintings and the networks that made their (re-)enactment possible, and the second is a case study that examines kalkmåleri in four medieval churches; Vendel and Ed north of Stockholm, and Floda and Vadsbro south of Stockholm. To come close to the paintings, an eclectic methodology with analysis of written and depicted sources, interviews, and studies in situ of the paintings through mapping and analysis of taken samples was designed. The objectives were to investigate the formation of kalkmåleri as phenomena, significant concepts, and conservation practices throughout time and space. Theoretical inspiration was taken from Actor-Network-Theory, critical discourse analysis, and speculative realism. Throughout the study the kalkmåleri is thus seen to have agency. The weave of enactments stemming from different professions and thought collectives that formed the paintings was made visible by following the actors. Some of these enactments were analyzed: i.e. the aesthetic shaping of the room, as religious and iconographic images, historical documents, art, style, technical, or hybrid objects. The latter refers to conservation that did not entirely rely on science, humanist scholarship, craftsmanship, or artistic creativity. Thus conservation is seen as a hybrid activity. Three periods of conservation principles were explored: stylistic restoration, original conservation, and precautionary conservation, which were related to what was perceived as the authentic original. Furthermore some Swedish "traditions" are discussed: that no institute for technical studies of art was formed, the use of "Curman’s principles", restricted retouching from the 1960s onward, and the use of gomma pane for cleaning. Finally appendices are included containing terminology, an index of conservators, and a DVD with mapping, chemical analysis, and photographs. / <p>Forskningsfinansiärer: FoU-medel: Riksantikvarieämbetet, Brandförsäkringsverkets stiftelse för bebyggelsehistorisk forskning, Elna Bengtsssons fond och Tyréns stiftelse.</p><p>Ett läsår på Columbia University kunde genomföras med stöd av Fulbright Commission. Erik &amp; Lily Philipsons minnesfond och Axelson Johnsons stiftelse.</p>

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-13T18:32:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Ana Paula Lins (14.10.16).pdf: 3958582 bytes, checksum: 866d6ef41fdae25f9793ab77bdba82ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T18:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Ana Paula Lins (14.10.16).pdf: 3958582 bytes, checksum: 866d6ef41fdae25f9793ab77bdba82ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-14 / Esta tese intitulada como “As ferrovias como Patrimônio Cultural Mundial: Os Estados-parte, a UNESCO e o Valor Universal Excepcional” apresenta como principal objetivo investigar a atribuição do valor universal excepcional “outstanding universal value” (OUV) às ferrovias inscritas na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, através da análise destinada a identificar os critérios e requisitos necessários para o seu reconhecimento. Assim sendo, apresenta-se dividida em 03 etapas: a primeira corresponde ao eixo teórico da pesquisa, onde são abordados o entendimento do patrimônio ferroviário e do valor universal excepcional. Para tanto, são apresentados, em um primeiro momento, um panorama geral sobre as ferrovias, as discussões sobre a preservação do patrimônio ferroviário no contexto mundial, e a percepção do patrimônio ferroviário no âmbito da UNESCO. A seguinte abordagem teórica centra-se na compreensão do valor à luz da Teoria dos Valores (Axiologia dos Valores) e da Teoria da Conservação. O segundo eixo da pesquisa refere-se aos aspectos metodológicos adotados para a investigação da atribuição do valor universal excepcional às ferrovias mundiais. Desta forma, são selecionados 03 (três) estudos de caso, para a consecução do objetivo central desta tese: a ferrovia Semmering, na Áustria; a Ferrovia Darjeeling, na Índia; e a Ferrovia Rhaetian, que corta os países da Suíça e Itália. O método selecionado para a análise das aludidas ferrovias é a Análise de Contéudo, de Bardin, aplicado no corpus documental, composto pelos Documentos de Avaliação do Corpo Consultivo de cada ferrovia analisada. A tese utiliza como premissa de que a partir da identificação dos atributos das ferrovias é possível interpretar os valores que, de forma inter-relacionada, conformam a categoria do valor universal excepcional das ferrovias mundiais. Desta forma, a partir da análise realizada em cada uma das ferrovias selecionadas, foi possível inferir que o seu valor universal excepcional é composto por uma pluralidade de valores dinâmicos e interdependentes, que se relacionam de forma a ressaltar uma ordem e uma hierarquia, onde os valores de maior destaque são o que mais importam preservar, por justificarem o reconhecimento das ferrovias como patrimônio cultural mundial. / The dissertation "The railways as a World Cultural Heritage: States Parties, UNESCO and the Outstanding Universal Value" has aims at investigating the attribution of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to railways included on the World Heritage List, through the identification of criteria and requirements for recognition. The research focuses on 03 stages. The first stage is the theoretical framework of the research, aiming at approaching the theoretical problem: an understanding of the railway heritage and of outstanding universal value. Accordingly, there follow an overview of the railways, discussions on the preservation of the railway heritage in the global context, and in the UNESCO context. The second theoretical approach corresponds to the understanding of the value to the Theory of Values (Axiology of Values) and Conservation Theory. The second approach focused on the investigation of the empirical problem: the attribution of outstanding universal value. In this way, three (03) case studies to achieve the central objective of this thesis are highlighted: The Semmering Railway, Austria; the Railway Darjeeling, India; and the Rhaetian Railway, which crosses Switzerland and Italy. The method used for the analysis of that railway is Bardin`s Content Analysis, applied to the documentation corpus, consisting of the Advisory Body Assessment Document of each analyzed railroad. The dissertation is based on the premise that from the railways attributes of identification it is possible to interpret the values that make up the outstanding universal value of the world's railways. Thus, the empirical axis of research, analysis of each of the selected railways performed, leadin to infer that the outstanding universal value of the global railway is composed of a plurality of values dynamic and interdependent and that there is a hierarchy in its relations, point out an order, where the most outstanding values are what should be preserved, as justified by the recognition of the railways as a cultural world.