In the past, South Africa was fraught with racial injustices resulting in the creation of a void between the country’s land reform and community conservation frameworks. The South African government has, over the past two decades promulgated a wide range of land laws to give effect to the property right contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) in order to close this void. Similarly, the government has promulgated numerous national and provincial conservation laws to give effect to the environmental right contained in the Constitution, moving towards a more people-centred approach to nature conservation. Collectively, these set the foundation for land reform and sustainable development. Despite this foundation, no single act comprehensively regulates community conservation in South Africa, resulting in a high level of fragmentation in both the legal and administrative sectors. This fragmentation, coupled with a division of responsibilities and a lack of coordination, has been a major factor hampering effective community conservation initiatives following the land reform process. It is against this background that this study proposes to examine and evaluate the legal frameworks applicable to community conservation and land reform, with specific reference to the relationship between community conservation, land reform and sustainability, and to establish the extent to which South African law provides for sustainable community conservation following the land reform process. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In the past, South Africa was fraught with racial injustices resulting in the creation of a void between the country’s land reform and community conservation frameworks. The South African government has, over the past two decades promulgated a wide range of land laws to give effect to the property right contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) in order to close this void. Similarly, the government has promulgated numerous national and provincial conservation laws to give effect to the environmental right contained in the Constitution, moving towards a more people-centred approach to nature conservation. Collectively, these set the foundation for land reform and sustainable development. Despite this foundation, no single act comprehensively regulates community conservation in South Africa, resulting in a high level of fragmentation in both the legal and administrative sectors. This fragmentation, coupled with a division of responsibilities and a lack of coordination, has been a major factor hampering effective community conservation initiatives following the land reform process. It is against this background that this study proposes to examine and evaluate the legal frameworks applicable to community conservation and land reform, with specific reference to the relationship between community conservation, land reform and sustainability, and to establish the extent to which South African law provides for sustainable community conservation following the land reform process. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

<p> Conservation gardening incorporates environmentally friendly techniques into the care of urban landscapes. Prior research has demonstrated an ecological benefit of this approach to residential land management. This research was undertaken to better understand the individuals who partake in conservation gardening. A mail questionnaire was developed that included several connection to nature indicators, an outdoor recreation inventory, and demographic questions. Participants (n = 180) included individuals from three regional conservation gardening certification programs in the US. Study participants demonstrated high connection to nature across multiple indicators, and environmental concern was motivated by non-human species and other people as opposed to personal benefit. The connection to nature indicators employed in the study demonstrated high correlation with each other. Conservation gardeners were active in outdoor recreation; high participation rates were documented in the categories of bird watching, gardening, and hiking, with moderate participation rates in kayaking, and cycling. Several demographic trends were evident in the study population. Participants tended to be older, well-educated, above-average earners, pet owners, and the majority of individuals were female. Employment status of participants was divided equally among being a homemaker, working full-time or being self-employed, and being retired, and over half of the individuals in the survey were volunteers. This research established baseline data for the conservation gardening population, identified avenues for future research, and provided suggestions for reaching populations not currently represented in the conservation gardening community.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dirceu.pdf: 3793074 bytes, checksum: 9c3090a579e878ffa690680afa5a8b92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental perception of family farmers about the sustainability of family farming in the locality of Lagos do Paru e do Calado, Manacapuru, Amazonas State, Brazil. The approach adopted in the research was systemic and multi-disciplinary approach to the construction of knowledge. The method employed was the case study, combining various techniques: field diary, simple observation, semi-structured interviews and meeting with focus groups of adults. Data analysis showed that the family farmers of the locality have in your production system different characteristics in the use of natural resources such as access to different units of landscapes (forest, terra firme , restinga , lakes e river) and system components (extractivism animal and vegetal, fallow, roça , cultivation, home garden e creation). It can be observed from the perception of farmers about the environment, conservation strategies developed, categorized as: forest conservation (36,7%); lakes/river (36,7%); gallery forest (14,3%) e araçazal (12,2%). In addition, were identified the following factors that negatively impact the landscape: external pressure (37,8%), population growth (27 %), farm/cattle (18,9%) e pottery (16,2%), these factors compromise to environmental conservation in the locality. From the observed data were constructed sustainability indicators: i) social organization, ii) myths and symbols, iii) access to the diversity of landscape units for agricultural crops and extraction, iv) pluriactivity and v) adaptability for understanding the relationships (social, economic) between these family farmers and the environment. Thus, it was found that the family farmers perceive that the modification process promotes change in the landscape conservation strategies, compromising the sustainability of agricultural production units. / O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção ambiental dos agricultores familiares sobre a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola familiar na localidade dos Lagos do Paru e do Calado, Manacapuru, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Foi adotada na pesquisa a abordagem sistêmica que propõe uma abordagem multidisciplinar e multirreferencial para a construção do conhecimento. O método empregado foi o estudo de caso, combinando várias técnicas: diário de campo, observação simples, entrevistas semi-estruturadas focalizadas e reunião com grupo focal de adultos. A análise dos dados evidenciou que os agricultores familiares da localidade têm em seu sistema de produção características diversificadas na utilização dos recursos naturais, tais como acesso a diferentes unidades de paisagens (mata, terra firme, restinga, lago e rio) e componentes do sistema produtivo (extrativismo animal e vegetal, capoeira, roça, cultivo, sítio e criação). Pode-se observar, a partir da percepção dos agricultores sobre o ambiente, que desenvolveram estratégias de conservação, categorizadas como: conservação da mata (36,7%); lagos/rio (36,7%); mata ciliar (14,3%) e araçazal (12,2%). Além disso, foram identificados os fatores que impactam negativamente a paisagem: pressão externa (37,8%), aumento da população (27 %), fazenda/gado (18,9%) e olaria (16,2%), esses fatores comprometem a conservação ambiental na localidade. A partir dos dados levantados foram construídos os indicadores de sustentabilidade: i) organização social, ii) mitos e símbolos, iii) acesso a diversidade das unidades de paisagem para os cultivos agrícolas e para o extrativismo, iv) pluriatividade e v) adaptabilidade para entender as relações (sociais, econômicas) entre esses agricultores familiares e o ambiente. Assim, ficou constatado que os agricultores familiares percebem que o processo de modificação da paisagem promove alteração nas estratégias de conservação ambiental, comprometendo a sustentabilidade das unidades de produção agrícola

Deteriorating quantity and quality of wetland ecosystem services is a major challenge for the conservation of the Lawuba wetland: socioeconomically the most important wetland area in Swaziland. In response, this study was designed to assess local dependent communities’ factual knowledge of the benefits and threats to the wetland, and their attitudes towards its conservation. In addition, the study employed environmental valuation techniques to estimate the annual economic value of the wetland’s fibre provisioning services and four notions of resource rent associated with the harvested fibre: rent on fibre consumed on site as a final product; and rent on fibre transported for 90 kilometres to Manzini market where it is sold, either as a final product or used as an intermediate input in the production of handicrafts. The fibre ecosystem service was specifically selected on account of its socioeconomic significance. Value of the fibre provisioning service was estimated using market price-based methods, while the magnitude of the different notions of resource rent was estimated using the net price method. A random sample of 63 respondents was used to provide data on the benefits, threats, attitudes, and annual economic value which households attach to the harvested fibre. This sample also provided data used to compute the resource rent associated with fibre harvested and consumed on-site. A random sample of 5 respondents provided data used to compute the resource rent on fibre transported and sold in Manzini as a final consumption good. Finally, a random sample of 5 respondents provided data used to compute the resource rent on fibre manufactured at Lawuba and sold in Manzini. Households had high levels of knowledge of the benefits and threats to the Lawuba wetland. They also had positive attitudes towards its conservation. Chi-square and ANOVA tests rejected the null hypothesis of no association between household: (i) knowledge of the benefits derived from the wetland and income (F = 12.67, p = 0.000), (ii) knowledge of the threats endangering the wetland and education (χ2 = 38.474, p = 0.000), (iii) knowledge of the threats endangering the wetland and income (F = 7.25, p = 0.000), (iv) attitudes towards its conservation and income (F = 13.320, p = 0.000) and (v) attitudes towards its conservation and gender (χ2 = 11.854, p = 0.003). The value of fibre provisioning services was estimated at between US $20,310 and US $32,673 per annum, which translates to US $70 per capita per annum. Magnitude of the resource rent increased along the value chain as theory would predict. It was estimated at US $1.92 (for fibre harvested and consumed on site), US $2.27 (for fibre sold at Manzini as a final product), and US $18 (for fibre manufactured at Lawuba and sold in Manzini). Inasmuch as the study established a positive resource rent, no institutions currently exist for rent capture and appropriate re-investment to support sustainable wetland conservation. The study thus recommends the need to set up suitable resource management institutions. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Os campos da Preservação de Monumentos Históricos e da Sustentabilidade na Construção Civil, apesar de distintos, apresentam certo grau de complementaridade. São áreas que dependem de processos eminentemente coletivos para seu avanço, e que se consagram como tradições culturais importantes no enfrentamento da deterioração dos espaços urbanos contemporâneos. A matéria é atual e urgente. Entretanto, o debate sobre o projeto arquitetônico como instrumento de valorização cultural e requalificação ainda é incipiente. Como analisar as intervenções atuais em edifícios degradados? Qual a relevância da Teoria da Restauração e da Sustentabilidade na construção no ideário cultural? Como reintegrar imóveis disfuncionais às dinâmicas urbanas? São questões complexas que merecem atenção. Por isso propomos a análise de três intervenções em edifícios ecléticos na cidade de São Paulo, e cujas estratégias de ocupação guardam intima relação com a adoção de usos e ocupações ordinárias. Debateremos, portanto, um projeto residencial - o condomínio Américo Simões, e dois acadêmicos - o Instituto Oscar Freire da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e a FAU - Vila Penteado, da mesma universidade. Cada caso foi estudado através de sistema de valores, em que as dimensões individuais e coletivas do projeto são articuladas no intuito de produzir-se uma visão de conjunto das propostas. O primeiro valor é denominado cultural, ou seja, tem suas definições atribuídas às pesquisas históricas e estéticas e atribui aos bens imóveis valores de interesse comuns a toda a sociedade. O segundo, por outro lado, recebe o nome de valor autoral e volta-se ao reconhecimento das escolhas projetuais contemporâneas, do arquiteto responsável pela proposta, e que estão presentes no partido arquitetônico das restaurações. Do nosso ponto de vista, essa metodologia oferece possibilidades de aprendizado técnico e ético nesse debate particular, em que acreditamos ser desejável a aproximação entre as tendências de Preservação e Sustentabilidade nos projetos de arquitetura. / The fields of the Historical Monument Preservation and the Sustainability in the Civil Construction, although distinct, present certain degree of integration. They are areas that share of eminently collective processes in the advance of the knowledge, and that if contemporaries consecrate as important cultural traditions for the confrontation of the deterioration of the urban spaces. The substance is current and urgent. However, the debate on the architectural project in this area is incipient. How to evaluate the current interventions in degraded buildings? Which the relevance of the Theory of the Restoration and Sustainability in the construction of the recent cultural scenario? How to reintegrate abandoned buildings to the urban dynamics? These are complex issues that deserve attention. Therefore we consider the analysis of three interventions in eclectic buildings in the city of São Paulo, and whose strategies of occupation keep it summons usual relation with the adoption of uses and occupations. We will debate, therefore, a residential project - the condominium Américo Simões, and two academicals buildings - the Institute Oscar Freire of the College of Medicine of the USP, and the FAU - Vila Penteado, of the same university. Each in case were analyzed through a system of values, where the individual and collective dimensions of projects are articulated in intention to produce a vision of set of the proposals. The first value is called cultural, that is, it has its definitions attributed to the historical and aesthetic research and attributes to the real properties common values of interest to all the society. As, on the other hand, it receives the name from authorial value and turns it the recognition of the contemporary decisions, of the responsible architect for the proposal, and that they are gifts in the party architectural of the restorations. Of our point of view this methodology offers to learning possibilities technician and ethical of this debate in particular, where we believe to be desirable the approach enters the trends of Preservation and Sustainability in the architectural projects.

Os campos da Preservação de Monumentos Históricos e da Sustentabilidade na Construção Civil, apesar de distintos, apresentam certo grau de complementaridade. São áreas que dependem de processos eminentemente coletivos para seu avanço, e que se consagram como tradições culturais importantes no enfrentamento da deterioração dos espaços urbanos contemporâneos. A matéria é atual e urgente. Entretanto, o debate sobre o projeto arquitetônico como instrumento de valorização cultural e requalificação ainda é incipiente. Como analisar as intervenções atuais em edifícios degradados? Qual a relevância da Teoria da Restauração e da Sustentabilidade na construção no ideário cultural? Como reintegrar imóveis disfuncionais às dinâmicas urbanas? São questões complexas que merecem atenção. Por isso propomos a análise de três intervenções em edifícios ecléticos na cidade de São Paulo, e cujas estratégias de ocupação guardam intima relação com a adoção de usos e ocupações ordinárias. Debateremos, portanto, um projeto residencial - o condomínio Américo Simões, e dois acadêmicos - o Instituto Oscar Freire da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e a FAU - Vila Penteado, da mesma universidade. Cada caso foi estudado através de sistema de valores, em que as dimensões individuais e coletivas do projeto são articuladas no intuito de produzir-se uma visão de conjunto das propostas. O primeiro valor é denominado cultural, ou seja, tem suas definições atribuídas às pesquisas históricas e estéticas e atribui aos bens imóveis valores de interesse comuns a toda a sociedade. O segundo, por outro lado, recebe o nome de valor autoral e volta-se ao reconhecimento das escolhas projetuais contemporâneas, do arquiteto responsável pela proposta, e que estão presentes no partido arquitetônico das restaurações. Do nosso ponto de vista, essa metodologia oferece possibilidades de aprendizado técnico e ético nesse debate particular, em que acreditamos ser desejável a aproximação entre as tendências de Preservação e Sustentabilidade nos projetos de arquitetura. / The fields of the Historical Monument Preservation and the Sustainability in the Civil Construction, although distinct, present certain degree of integration. They are areas that share of eminently collective processes in the advance of the knowledge, and that if contemporaries consecrate as important cultural traditions for the confrontation of the deterioration of the urban spaces. The substance is current and urgent. However, the debate on the architectural project in this area is incipient. How to evaluate the current interventions in degraded buildings? Which the relevance of the Theory of the Restoration and Sustainability in the construction of the recent cultural scenario? How to reintegrate abandoned buildings to the urban dynamics? These are complex issues that deserve attention. Therefore we consider the analysis of three interventions in eclectic buildings in the city of São Paulo, and whose strategies of occupation keep it summons usual relation with the adoption of uses and occupations. We will debate, therefore, a residential project - the condominium Américo Simões, and two academicals buildings - the Institute Oscar Freire of the College of Medicine of the USP, and the FAU - Vila Penteado, of the same university. Each in case were analyzed through a system of values, where the individual and collective dimensions of projects are articulated in intention to produce a vision of set of the proposals. The first value is called cultural, that is, it has its definitions attributed to the historical and aesthetic research and attributes to the real properties common values of interest to all the society. As, on the other hand, it receives the name from authorial value and turns it the recognition of the contemporary decisions, of the responsible architect for the proposal, and that they are gifts in the party architectural of the restorations. Of our point of view this methodology offers to learning possibilities technician and ethical of this debate in particular, where we believe to be desirable the approach enters the trends of Preservation and Sustainability in the architectural projects.