A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science School of Computational and Applied Mathematics. May 2015. / In this thesis we present numerical simulations of the gravitational collapse of isothermal clouds of one solar mass at a temperature of 10K. We will consider two types of initial conditions – initially uniform spheres and perturbed Bonnor-Ebert spheres. The aim of the performed numerical simulations is to investigate the core bounce described by Hayashi and Nakano [1]. They reported that if strong enough, the shock wave would be capable of ionizing the gas in the collapsing cloud. The simulations are performed using two numerical methods: the TVD MUSCL scheme of van Leer using a Roe flux on a uniform grid and the TVD Runge-Kutta time-stepping using a Marquina flux on a non-uniform grid. These two particular methods are used because of their differences in numerical structure. Which allows us to confidently make statements about the nature of the collapse, particularly with regards to the core bounce. The convergence properties of the two methods are investigated to validate the solutions obtained from the simulations. The numerical simulations have been performed only in the isothermal regime by using the Truelove criterion [2] to terminate the simulation before central densities become large enough to cause artificial fragmentation. In addition to the numerical simulations presented in this thesis, we also introduce new, analytical solutions for the steady-state accretion of an isothermal gas onto a spherical core as well as infinite cylinders and sheets. We present the solutions and their properties in terms of the Lambert function with two parameters, γ and m. In the case of spherical accretion we show that the solution for the velocity perfectly matched the solutions of Bondi [3]. We also show that the analytical solutions for the density – in the spherical case – match the numerical solutions obtained from the simulations. From the agreement of these solutions we propose that the analytical solution can provide information about the protostellar core (in the early stages of its formation) such as the mass.

Lee Wai Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-130). / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / Lee Wai Shing. / Contents --- p.i / List of Figures --- p.v / Abstract --- p.vii / Acknowledgement --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What are inverse problems? --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background of this research project --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conservative systems and open systems -normal modes (NM's) vs quasi-normal modes (QNM's) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Appetizer ´ؤ What our problems are like --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- A brief overview of the following chapters --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Inversion of conservative systems- perturbative inversion --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Way to introduce the additional information --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- General Formalism --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Example --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5 --- Further examples --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6 --- Effects of noise --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Inversion of conservative systems - total inversion --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Asymptotic behaviour of the eigenfrequencies --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3 --- General formalism --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Evaluation of V(0) --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Squeezing the interval - evaluation of the potential at other positions --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4 --- Remarks --- p.36 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Theory of Quasi-normal Modes (QNM's) --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- What is a Quasi-normal Mode (QNM) system? --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3 --- Properties of QNM's in expectation --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4 --- General Formalism --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Construction of Green's function and the spectral represen- tation of the delta function --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The generalized norm --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Completeness of QNM's and its justification --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Different senses of completeness --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Eigenfunction expansions with QNM's 一 the two-component formalism --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Properties of the linear space Γ --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Klein-Gordon equation - The delta-potential system --- p.54 / Chapter 4.5 --- Studies of other QNM systems --- p.54 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Wave equation - dielectric rod --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Wave equation ´ؤ string-mass system --- p.57 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Inversion of open systems- perturbative inversion --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- General Formalism --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3 --- Example 1. Klein-Gordon equation ´ؤ delta-potential system --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Model perturbations --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- Example 2. Wave equation ´ؤ dielectric rod --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5 --- Example 3. Wave equation ´ؤ string-mass system --- p.76 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Instability of the matrix [d] = [c]-1 upon truncation --- p.79 / Chapter 5.6 --- Large leakage regime and effects of noise --- p.81 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion . . . --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Transition from open systems to conservative counterparts --- p.85 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview --- p.85 / Chapter 6.2 --- Anticipations of what is going to happen --- p.86 / Chapter 6.3 --- Some computational experiments --- p.86 / Chapter 6.4 --- Reason of breakdown - An intrinsic error of physical systems --- p.87 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Mathematical derivation of the breakdown behaviour --- p.90 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Two verifications --- p.93 / Chapter 6.5 --- Another source of errors - An intrinsic error of practical computations --- p.95 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Vindications --- p.96 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Mathematical derivation of the breakdown --- p.98 / Chapter 6.6 --- Further sources of errors --- p.99 / Chapter 6.7 --- Dielectric rod --- p.100 / Chapter 6.8 --- String-mass system --- p.103 / Chapter 6.9 --- Conclusion --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- A first step to Total Inversion of QNM systems? --- p.106 / Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.106 / Chapter 7.2 --- Derivation for F(0) --- p.106 / Chapter 7.3 --- Example 一 delta potential system --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter 8.1 --- A summary on what have been achieved --- p.111 / Chapter 8.2 --- Further directions to go --- p.111 / Appendix A. A note on notation --- p.113 / Appendix B. Asymptotic series of NM eigenvalues --- p.114 / Appendix C. Evaluation of functions related to RHS(x) --- p.117 / Appendix D. Asymptotic behaviour of the Green's function --- p.119 / Appendix E. Expansion coefficient an --- p.121 / Appendix F. Asymptotic behaviour of QNM eigenvalues --- p.123 / Appendix G. Properties of the inverse matrix [d] = [c]-1 --- p.125 / Appendix H. Matrix inverse through the LU decomposition method --- p.127 / Bibliography --- p.129

Wong Tak Kwong. / Thesis submitted in: August 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-72). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1 --- Basic Notations --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Riemann Problems --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Elementary Waves --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Rarefaction Waves --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Shock Waves --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Composite Waves --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Remarks --- p.14 / Chapter 2 --- Non-strictly Hyperbolic Conservation Laws --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Systems with Isolated Umbilic Degeneracy --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mathematical Motivations --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Complex Burgers' Equation --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Basic Properties --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Riemann Solutions --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Under-Compressive Shocks --- p.31 / Chapter 3 --- Relaxation Approximation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Basic Ideas of the Relaxation Approximation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General Settings --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Subcharacteristic Condition --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Relaxation of Scalar Conservation Laws --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Perturbation Problems --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Jin-Xin Relaxation Systems --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Basic Ideas of the Jin-Xin Systems --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- Zero-Relaxation Limit --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 2x2 Hyperbolic Relaxation Systems --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Jin-Xin Relaxation Systems --- p.48 / Chapter 4 --- Jin-Xin Relaxation Limit for the Complex Burgers' Equations --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1 --- Jin-Xin Relaxation Limit for the UCUI Solutions --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Main Statements --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Analysis on UCUI Solution --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Shock Profiles --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Re-scaled Relaxation System --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Proof of Theorem 4.1.1.3 --- p.63 / Bibliography --- p.67

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Xiao, Jingjing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-50). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Backgrounds and Our Main Results --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Backgrounds --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Scalar Case --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 2x2 Systems --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- General n x n(n ≥ 3) Systems --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Our Main Results --- p.18 / Chapter 3 --- Lifespan of Periodic Solutions to Gas Dynamics Systems --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Riemann Invariant Formulation --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Calculation along Characteristics --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3 --- Estimate of the Global Wave Interaction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- Proof of Theorem 2.2.1 --- p.38 / Chapter 4 --- Proof of Theorem 2.2.2 and a Special Case --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Proof of Theorem 2.2.2 --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- A Special Case --- p.43 / Chapter 5 --- Appendix --- p.45

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2015. / This dissertation analyses the reaction-di usion equations, in particular the modi ed Huxley model, arising in population dynamics. The focus is on determining the classical Lie point symmetries, and the construction of the conservation laws and group-invariant solutions for reaction-di usion equations. The invariance criterion for determination of classical Lie point symmetries results in a system of linear determining equations which can be solved analytically. Furthermore, the Lie point symmetries associated with the conservation laws are determined. Reductions by associated Lie point symmetries are carried out. Nonclassical symmetry techniques are also employed. Here the invariance criterion for symmetry determination results in a system of nonlinear determining equations which may be solved albeit di cult. Nonclassical symmetries results in exact solutions which may not be constructed by classical Lie point symmetries. The highlight in construction of exact solution using nonclassical symmetries is the introduction of the modi ed Hopf-Cole transformation. In this dissertation, the di usion term and the coe cient of the source term are given as quadratic functions of space variable in one case, and the coe cient as the generalised power law in the other. These equations admit a number of classical Lie point symmetries. The genuine nonclassical symmetries are admitted when the source term of the reaction-di usion equation is a cubic.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2002. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61). Also available on the World Wide Web.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009. / "Submitted to Department of Mathematics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves [90]-94)

Goal of this thesis is to study four problems. In chapters 3-5, we consider scalar conser- vation law in one space dimension with strictly convex flux. First problem is to know the profile of the entropy solution. In spite of the fact that, this was studied extensively in last several decades, the complete profile of the entropy solution is not well understood. Second problem is the exact controllability. This was studied for Burgers equation and some partial results are obtained for large time. It was a challenging problem to know the controllability for all time and also for general convex flux. In a seminal paper [25], Dafermos introduces the characteristic curves and obtain some qualitative properties of a solution of a convex conservation law. In this thesis, we further study the finer properties of these characteristic curves. Here we solve these two problems in complete generality. In view of the explicit formulas of Lax - Oleinik [31], Joseph - Gowda [40], target func- tions must satisfy some necessary conditions. In this thesis we prove that these are also sufficient. Method of the proof depends highly on the characteristic methods and explicit formula given by Lax - Oleinik and the proof is constructive. Third problem is to solve the optimal controllability problem. In chapter 5 we derive a method to obtain a solution of an optimal control problem for the scalar conservation laws with convex flux. By using the method of descent, this type of problem was considered by Castro-Palacios-Zuazua in [23] for the Burgers equation. Our approach is simple and based on the explicit formulas of Hopf and Lax-Olenik. Last but not the least is about the problem of total variation bound for solution of scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux. For the scalar con- servation laws with discontinuous flux, an infinite family (A, B)-interface entropies are introduced and each one of them has been shown to form an L1 -contraction semigroup (see, [8]). One of the main unsettled questions concerning conservation law with discon- tinuous flux is boundedness of total variation of the solution. Away from the interface, boundedness of total variation of the solution has been proved in a recent paper [16]. In the chapter 6, we discuss this particular issue in detail and produce a counter example to show that the solution, in general, has unbounded total variation near the interface. In fact this example illustrates that smallness of BV norm of the initial data is immaterial. We hereby settled the question of determining for which of the aforementioned (A, B) pairs, the solution will have bounded total variation in case of strictly convex fluxes.