Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina Eliane Quege.pdf: 2299254 bytes, checksum: 60b811294da50c6518123c2b3f534a25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-31 / This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of three species of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia, Phyllostachys aurea and Phyllostachys bambusoides) in the sanitary sewage treatment, with a vertically downward sub-surface flow root zone system, in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Sewage from a university was applied to asbestos cement water tanks with 1,000 liters volume capacity, filled with oxisol above a 0,26 m drainage layer of gravel # 3. Bamboo seedlings were planted in nine beds and three beds remained without plants (controls). The wastewater was captured at the initial part of a facultative pond and applied to the surface of the treatment beds, three times a day, using a timer controlled pump. It was used a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.3 days for 150 days and a HRT of 5.2 days for 360 days. Within the treatment beds, the wastewater was maintained two inches below the substrate surface. For a period of twelve months sewage samples were collected before and after passing through each treatment bed. The samples were submitted to laboratory testing for determination of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, phosphates, fecal coliforms and hydrogenic potential. The evapotranspiration rate of each treatment was measured, their efficiencies in removing the sewage pollutant load were calculated and the behavior of plants in treatment beds were observed. The results were submitted to F and Tukey (5% of probability) tests. Bamboo plants of G. angustifolia and P. bambusoides species developed normally, while the plants of the specie P. aurea had developmental delay because of the sewage application. In general, the specie G. angustifolia showed greater efficiency in removing the pollution load of all attributes. Effluent attended the Brazilian legislate for disposal in to receiving bodies. There was a higher removal of BOD and phosphate to the HRT of 5.2 days. The HRT of 2.3 days was better on removing ammonia nitrogen, while the removal of COD and fecal coliforms were not affected by different HRTs. / Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de três espécies de bambu (Guadua angustifolia, Phyllostachys aurea e Phyllostachys bambusoides) no tratamento do esgoto sanitário, num sistema de tratamento do tipo zona de raízes, de fluxo subsuperficial vertical descendente, em Goiânia, GO. Esgoto sanitário, proveniente de uma universidade, foi aplicado em caixas de fibroamianto de 1.000 L, preenchidas com latossolo vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa, sobre uma camada de drenagem com 0,26 m de brita #3. Plantaram-se as mudas de bambu em nove leitos e três permaneceram sem plantas (testemunhas). O esgoto afluente foi captado na parte inicial de uma lagoa facultativa e aplicado na superfície dos leitos de tratamento, três vezes ao dia, mediante bombeamento automatizado. Utilizou-se tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 2,3 dias, durante 150 dias e TDH de 5,2 dias por 360 dias. Dentro dos leitos de tratamento o esgoto foi mantido a cinco centímetros abaixo da superfície. Coletaram-se amostras do esgoto antes e após passar por cada leito de tratamento por um período de doze meses. As amostras foram submetidas a análises laboratoriais para determinação da demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal, fosfato, potencial hidrogeniônico e coliformes termotolerantes. Mediu-se a taxa de evapotranspiração de cada um dos tratamentos, calcularam-se suas eficiências na remoção da carga poluidora e acompanharam-se o comportamento das plantas nos leitos. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes F e de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. As plantas de bambu das espécies G. angustifolia e P. bambusoides desenvolveram-se normalmente, enquanto as plantas da espécie P. aurea tiveram seu desenvolvimento comprometido pela aplicação do esgoto. De maneira geral, a espécie G. angustifolia apresentou maior eficiência na remoção da carga poluidora de todos os atributos. Os efluentes atenderam à legislação brasileira para disposição em corpos receptores. Houve maior remoção de DBO e de fosfato para o TDH de 5,2 dias. O TDH de 2,3 dias foi melhor para a remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, enquanto a remoção de coliformes termotolerantes e da DQO não foi influenciada pelos diferentes TDHs.

The Pecan Creek Waste Reclamation Plant in Denton, Texas, an activated sludge WWTP, was sampled monthly for ten months to determine seasonal and site variation in concentrations of triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol), an antibacterial additive. SNK separation after the highly significant ANOVA on ranked data were: summer = fall > winter = spring and influent > downstream = effluent = wetland inflow > wetland outflow (a=0.05). After the plant converted to ultraviolet disinfection, measurements were made before and after the UV basin to determine if significant amounts of triclosan were converted to dioxin. Percent loss at each of the treatment steps was determined. Concentrations of triclosan in the downstream site were below the published NOEC for the most sensitive species.

Constructed wetlands and the soil filters are water treatment devices using the filter material that in most cases consists of natural river gravel, coarse sand or crushed stone. Master´s thesis deals with the research of cleaning effect of unconventional filtration materials, or more precisely with examination to load real waste water in a filtration column, to prove their ability to be used as an alternative medium that can ensure better cleaning effect. For the research work following metallurgical industry materials were used: fine slag and coarse slag 8-16 mm, materials from the natural character: zeolite, keramzit, a plastic material: PUR-foam. Also the traditional materials of fine gravel and coarse gravel were tested to compare the cleaning efficiency. Both the hydraulic and the cleaning efficiency of all above mentioned materials were tested. The examined hydraulic parameters are particularly porosity, hydraulic conductivity and suspended solids, turbidity and oxidation-reduction potential of both the inflow and outflow of the filter columns were determined. Accredited laboratory set the inflow and outflow of the filter columns BOD5, CODCr, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and dissolved oxygen. By evaluating the results of the measurements it is determined which materials are suitable to be applied in the constructed wetlands and the soil filters. This filtration column was modeled by program HYDRUS and the result was compared with real results.

The City of Denton Pecan Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility has periodically failed effluent toxicity testing. A Toxicity Identification Evaluation has determined that Diazinon in the effluent is contributing to the observed toxicity. Chlorpyrifos is also implicated as a factor. The City of Denton constructed a half acre experimental wetland to remove Diazinon related toxicity. Results from spiking and microcosm experiments indicate that the wetland can reduce the Diazinon.

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Cette thèse a été codirigée par le Dr. Florent Chazarenc / Les marais filtrants artificiels sont communément utilisés pour le traitement des eaux usées municipales, mais ils peuvent aussi traiter une large gamme d’effluents à l’aide de différents types de marais filtrant et ce sous une variété de climats. Les plantes jouent un rôle central dans l’épuration des eaux, mais on peut se demander si ce rôle est le même sous toutes les conditions et ce pour les différentes espèces de plantes. Dans le cadre de cette étude, j’ai évalué l’influence de la présence ainsi que de l’espèce de plantes selon des conditions extrêmement différentes : 1) traitement de rejet de serre hydroponique par un marais filtrant à flux horizontal en conditions hivernales, 2) traitement des boues par un marais à flux vertical en conditions estivales. / Constructed wetlands (CWs) are commonly used to treat municipal wastewater, but they can also handle a wide range of effluents by using different types of CWs and under a variety of climatic conditions. Plants play a central role in CWs, but it is still unknown if the presence of plants or the choice of the species have the same influence under different conditions. In this study, I evaluated the influence of the presence and the species of plants under two very different conditions: 1) treatment of hydroponic wastewater by a horizontal flow CW in winter conditions, 2) sludge treatment by a vertical flow CW in summer conditions.

An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the performance of pilot scale constructed wetlands for the treatment of domestic wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Three parallel sets of constructed wetlands; consisting of one Horizontal Flow (HF), one Vertical Flow (VF) and one hybrid of HF and VFconstructed in series were built in Addis Ababa. The wetland systems had identical wetland fill media and macrophytes but with different wastewater flow types. The total surface area of the wetland systems was 72 m2 /24 m2 for each/ and designed to treat 3.15 m3 of domestic wastewater per day. Triplicate grab samples were taken from the influent and effluents every 15 days for one year and analyzed within 24 hours. Temperature, pH, DO and EC were measured onsite and the nutrient content of macrophytes was determined twice during the monitoring period. During the first 12 months monitoring period, the average removal efficiencies of the HFCW, VFCW and hybrid CW were: BOD (89.1%, 92.2% and 93.4%), COD (80.6%, 82.1% and 84.0%), TSS (89.1, 83.8% and 84.7%), NH4 + (58.6%, 66.2% and 65.4%), NO3 - (64.0%, 71.5% and 73.5%), TN (49.1%, 54.9% and 58.7%), PO4 3- (45.4%, 50.3% and 48.4%), TP (58.0%, 51.7% and 54.4%) and FC (98.6%, 96.6% and 96.5%), respectively. The hybrid system showed relatively higher removal efficiencies for most pollutants. Again, the wetland systems showed relatively higher percent reduction during the dry seasons /from Dec - May/. The areal removal rate constants of BOD5, TN, PO4 3- and TP were higher than the literature values while the values of COD and TSS were lower compared to the literature values. Concerning the nutrient content of the wetland plant, the average TN contents of the below-ground and above-ground plant part were 1.56% and 2.27% for the HFCW, 1.75% and 2.74% for the VFCW and 1.80% and 2.63% for the hybrid system, respectively. Meanwhile, the average TP contents of the belowground and above-ground plant part were 0.139% and 0.064% for the HFCW, 0.167% and 0.067% for the VFCW and 0.115% and 0.065% for the hybrid systems, respectively. In general, the results showed that properly designed constructed wetland systems could be used as effective wastewater treatment method in Ethiopia. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Sciences)

Includes list of publications issued during the candidature. / Bibliography: leaves 176-197. / iii, ix, 197, [22] leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Phosphorus retention was measured in five pilot-scaled constructed wetlands with different configurations in terms of macrophyte species and substrates in order to evaluate the phosphorus removal efficiency of water plants and substrates in experimental ponds; assess the contribution of macrophytes to phosphorus removal through direct uptake, modification of water chemistry and impacts on the phosphorus adsorption characteristics of substrate; and, contribute to the optimal design and operation of constructed wetlands for the treatment of agricultural drainage water. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil and Water, 2002?

Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization.  Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug.  Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.