El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Abstract INTRODUCTION: In order to reduce salt consumption in Spanish speaking countries it is necessary to know the level of salt knowledge in the population. However, there are no tools in Spanish to measure salt knowledge, but the only valid tool of measurement is the 'Salt Knowledge Questionnaire' (SKQ) developed in Australia, in English. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A validation study was conducted in three phases: (Phase1) Translation of the original Australian version into Spanish; (Phase2) Cultural adaptation based on a Spanish-speaking population such as Peru and following criteria used in the development of the original questionnaire which was evaluated by a panel of experts; (Phase3) Construct validity by comparing the scores of three groups (experts, medical students and non-experts) and reliability by performing a test retest. RESULTS: The translation of the SKQ into Spanish maintained a semantic equivalence with the original questionnaire and a panel of experts accepted the cultural adaptation. The SKQ enables discrimination between those who know and those who do not because differences of scores were found between the group of experts, students and non-experts (P<.001). A good overall internal consistency of the instrument was found (KR20=0.69) and a good overall intraclass correlation (0.79) and no test variations in test-retest (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SKQ questionnaire in Spanish is valid, reliable and is a suitable first tool to measure knowledge about salt in the Spanish language. It is considered possible to adapt it culturally to the Spanish-speaking country that wishes to use it. / Revisión por pares

O aumento da pressão arterial não é a única consequência da sobrecarga de sal na dieta. Independente dos efeitos hemodinâmicos, o excesso de sal pode induzir alterações estruturais no miocárdio. A avaliação dos mecanismos destas alterações foi o objetivo do presente estudo. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram alimentados com dieta: normossódica (NR: 1,3% de NaCl), hipersódica 1 (HR1: 4%) e hipersódica 2 (HR2: 8%) desde o desmame até a 18a semana de idade. O grupo HR2 foi dividido em HR2, HR2+Hidralazina (HZ: 15mg/ kg/ dia) e HR2+Losartan (LOS: 20mg/ kg/ dia). As drogas foram administradas a partir da 7a semana de idade. Foram avaliados pressão arterial caudal (PAc), atividade de renina plasmática (ARP), aldosterona sérica, ecocardiograma, massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) e direita (MVD), medida do diâmetro transverso do miócito (DTM), fibrose intersticial (FI), expressão protéica do receptor de angiotensina II do tipo I (AT1) e tipo 2 (AT2), dosagem de angiotensina II (AII) e ligação do anticorpo que reconhece a conformação ativada dos receptores AT1 e AT2 no ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e direito (VD). A PAc foi maior no grupo HR1 e HR2 comparado com o grupo NR. A PAc do grupo HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS não diferiu do grupo NR. ARP e ALDO foram menores nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS. A espessura do septo interventricular na diástole e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo na diástole foram maiores nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR. A MVE e MVD foram maiores nos grupos HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR. O DTM do VE foi maior nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ comparado com o grupo NR e HR2+LOS. DTM do VD foi maior no grupo HR2 e HR2+HZ comparado com o grupo NR, HR1 e HR2+LOS. A FI no VE e VD foi maior nos grupos HR1, HR2 e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR e HR2+HZ. A expressão da proteína do receptor AT1 no VE e VD foi maior nos animais do grupo HR2 e HR2+HZ quando comparado com o grupo NR, HR1 e HR2+LOS. A expressão da proteina do receptor AT2 não foi alterada pelo alto consumo de sal, mas foi menor no grupo HR2+LOS. A ligação do anticorpo que reconhece a conformação ativada do receptor AT1 no VE e VD foi menor nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR. A ligação do anticorpo que reconhece a conformação ativada do receptor AT2 não foi alterada no VE e VD dos grupos HR1, HR2 e HR2+LOS. No entanto, a ligação do anticorpo no receptor AT2 foi menor no VE e VD no grupo HR2+LOS. O conteúdo de AII foi maior em ambos os ventrículos nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS. O elevado consumo de sal induz hipertrofia e fibrose miocárdica independente do efeito sobre a pressão arterial. A hipertrofia do cardiomiócito e a FI induzida pelo sal ocorre por mecanismos diferentes. Algumas evidências deste estudo sugerem a internalização do receptor AT1 induzido pelo sal provavelmente devido à ligação da AII. / Increased blood pressure is not the only consequence of salt overload. Independently from the hemodynamic effect, salt excess may induce structural alterations in the myocardium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of the myocardium structural alteration in response to high salt intake. Male Wistar rats were fed normal (NR: 1.3% NaCl), high 1 (HR1 4%) or high 2 (HR2 8%) salt diet since weaning until 18th week of age. HR2 group was divided in HR2, HR2+hydralazine (HZ: 15mg/ kg/ dia) and HR2+losartan (LOS: 20mg/ kg/ dia). Drugs were administered since the 7th week of age. Tail-cuff blood pressure (Tc-BP), plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone (ALDO), echocardiography, left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular mass, cardiomyocyte transverse diameter (CTD), interstitial fibrosis (IF), protein expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors, angiotensin II content (AII), binding of the conformational specific anti-AT1 and anti-AT2 antibody in both ventricles were determined in the LV and RV. Tc-BP was higher in the HR1 and HR2 groups when compared to NR. Tc-BP on HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS did not differ from NR. PRA and ALDO were lower in the HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS when compared to NR. Interventricular septal and left ventricular posterior wall thicknesses were higher on HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS compared to NR. LV and RV mass was higher in the HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS when compared to NR. CTD in the LV was higher on HR1, HR2 and HR2+HZ groups than on NR and HR2+LOS groups. CTD in the RV was higher in the HR2 and HR2+HZ when compared to NR, HR1 and HR2+LOS groups. IF was higher in the LV and RV in HR1, HR2 and HR2+LOS groups than in NR and HR2+HZ groups. AT1 protein expression was higher in the HR2 and HR2+HZ compared to NR, HR1 and HR2+LOS groups. High salt intake did not increase AT2 protein expression in the HR1, HR2 and HR2+HZ groups. However, losartan induced a decrease in AT2 protein expression. In response to high salt intake, the binding of an AT1 conformational specific antibody was lower in both ventricles. Binding of the conformational specific anti-AT2 antibody in both ventricles did not change in response to HR1 and HR2. However, binding of the conformational specific anti-AT2 antibody was lower in both ventricles in the HR2+LOS group. AII was higher in both ventricles in the HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS groups. Myocardial structural alterations in response to high salt intake are independent of the effect on blood pressure. Salt induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis are due to different mechanisms. Some evidences from the present study are in favor of salt induced AT1 receptor internalization probably due to AII binding.

O aumento da pressão arterial não é a única consequência da sobrecarga de sal na dieta. Independente dos efeitos hemodinâmicos, o excesso de sal pode induzir alterações estruturais no miocárdio. A avaliação dos mecanismos destas alterações foi o objetivo do presente estudo. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram alimentados com dieta: normossódica (NR: 1,3% de NaCl), hipersódica 1 (HR1: 4%) e hipersódica 2 (HR2: 8%) desde o desmame até a 18a semana de idade. O grupo HR2 foi dividido em HR2, HR2+Hidralazina (HZ: 15mg/ kg/ dia) e HR2+Losartan (LOS: 20mg/ kg/ dia). As drogas foram administradas a partir da 7a semana de idade. Foram avaliados pressão arterial caudal (PAc), atividade de renina plasmática (ARP), aldosterona sérica, ecocardiograma, massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) e direita (MVD), medida do diâmetro transverso do miócito (DTM), fibrose intersticial (FI), expressão protéica do receptor de angiotensina II do tipo I (AT1) e tipo 2 (AT2), dosagem de angiotensina II (AII) e ligação do anticorpo que reconhece a conformação ativada dos receptores AT1 e AT2 no ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e direito (VD). A PAc foi maior no grupo HR1 e HR2 comparado com o grupo NR. A PAc do grupo HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS não diferiu do grupo NR. ARP e ALDO foram menores nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS. A espessura do septo interventricular na diástole e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo na diástole foram maiores nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR. A MVE e MVD foram maiores nos grupos HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR. O DTM do VE foi maior nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ comparado com o grupo NR e HR2+LOS. DTM do VD foi maior no grupo HR2 e HR2+HZ comparado com o grupo NR, HR1 e HR2+LOS. A FI no VE e VD foi maior nos grupos HR1, HR2 e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR e HR2+HZ. A expressão da proteína do receptor AT1 no VE e VD foi maior nos animais do grupo HR2 e HR2+HZ quando comparado com o grupo NR, HR1 e HR2+LOS. A expressão da proteina do receptor AT2 não foi alterada pelo alto consumo de sal, mas foi menor no grupo HR2+LOS. A ligação do anticorpo que reconhece a conformação ativada do receptor AT1 no VE e VD foi menor nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS comparado com o grupo NR. A ligação do anticorpo que reconhece a conformação ativada do receptor AT2 não foi alterada no VE e VD dos grupos HR1, HR2 e HR2+LOS. No entanto, a ligação do anticorpo no receptor AT2 foi menor no VE e VD no grupo HR2+LOS. O conteúdo de AII foi maior em ambos os ventrículos nos grupos HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ e HR2+LOS. O elevado consumo de sal induz hipertrofia e fibrose miocárdica independente do efeito sobre a pressão arterial. A hipertrofia do cardiomiócito e a FI induzida pelo sal ocorre por mecanismos diferentes. Algumas evidências deste estudo sugerem a internalização do receptor AT1 induzido pelo sal provavelmente devido à ligação da AII. / Increased blood pressure is not the only consequence of salt overload. Independently from the hemodynamic effect, salt excess may induce structural alterations in the myocardium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of the myocardium structural alteration in response to high salt intake. Male Wistar rats were fed normal (NR: 1.3% NaCl), high 1 (HR1 4%) or high 2 (HR2 8%) salt diet since weaning until 18th week of age. HR2 group was divided in HR2, HR2+hydralazine (HZ: 15mg/ kg/ dia) and HR2+losartan (LOS: 20mg/ kg/ dia). Drugs were administered since the 7th week of age. Tail-cuff blood pressure (Tc-BP), plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone (ALDO), echocardiography, left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular mass, cardiomyocyte transverse diameter (CTD), interstitial fibrosis (IF), protein expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors, angiotensin II content (AII), binding of the conformational specific anti-AT1 and anti-AT2 antibody in both ventricles were determined in the LV and RV. Tc-BP was higher in the HR1 and HR2 groups when compared to NR. Tc-BP on HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS did not differ from NR. PRA and ALDO were lower in the HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS when compared to NR. Interventricular septal and left ventricular posterior wall thicknesses were higher on HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS compared to NR. LV and RV mass was higher in the HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS when compared to NR. CTD in the LV was higher on HR1, HR2 and HR2+HZ groups than on NR and HR2+LOS groups. CTD in the RV was higher in the HR2 and HR2+HZ when compared to NR, HR1 and HR2+LOS groups. IF was higher in the LV and RV in HR1, HR2 and HR2+LOS groups than in NR and HR2+HZ groups. AT1 protein expression was higher in the HR2 and HR2+HZ compared to NR, HR1 and HR2+LOS groups. High salt intake did not increase AT2 protein expression in the HR1, HR2 and HR2+HZ groups. However, losartan induced a decrease in AT2 protein expression. In response to high salt intake, the binding of an AT1 conformational specific antibody was lower in both ventricles. Binding of the conformational specific anti-AT2 antibody in both ventricles did not change in response to HR1 and HR2. However, binding of the conformational specific anti-AT2 antibody was lower in both ventricles in the HR2+LOS group. AII was higher in both ventricles in the HR1, HR2, HR2+HZ and HR2+LOS groups. Myocardial structural alterations in response to high salt intake are independent of the effect on blood pressure. Salt induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis are due to different mechanisms. Some evidences from the present study are in favor of salt induced AT1 receptor internalization probably due to AII binding.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonilsonSF_DISSERT.pdf: 3703447 bytes, checksum: 91765e0c08059d8842a7eaffc73d1209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research objectify to analyze the effects of minimum wage recovery in the household consumption in the Brazil, northeastern region of the Brazil and the state of the Rio Grande do Norte, in the period of 1995 to 2011. This is because the search for the strengthening of the internal market, via incentive policies to private demand has assumed prominence in the Government agenda. Thus, under the justification of the fierce debate about the effectiveness of countercyclical policies of Brazil, in view of the recent economic crisis, aims to: 1) retake the theoretical debate and, to a certain extent, the evolution of the theory of household consumption, as well as some conclusions about their connection with the minimum wage; 2) to describe the experiences and the effects of this legislation in economic history, with emphasis on the Brazilian case; 3) to present some of the available statistics to research bases, with attention to the specifics of each and the empirical results found for consumption in Brazil; 4) to estimate the effects of minimum wage variation in household consumption in Brazil (BR), northeast (NE) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN). From this, in order to quantify this relationship, makes inferences from the effects of the wage bill and the minimum wage on consumption, in quarterly series (with ad hoc adjustment from the "weights" of each quarter), from classic model of multiple linear regression. The hypothesis is that released: increments in income, derived from the policy of minimum wage recovery will influence directly the household consumption. However, when comparing the results between the units analyzed, the expressiveness of the northeastern families of Brazil and Rio Grande do Norte families front national dynamics with income linked to this floor, drives most significant impacts spending decisions in NE and RN, thus reducing regional disparities in the consumer. The results indicate contrary evidence, because while for the BR a unitary variation in minimum wage increases the consumption in units monetary 1.28, to the NE and RN these parameters are respectively 1.05 and 1.09 / A busca do fortalecimento do mercado interno via pol?ticas de incentivo ? demanda, privada tem assumido destaque na agenda governamental, particularmente ap?s a crise de 2008. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos da valoriza??o do sal?rio m?nimo no consumo das fam?lias brasileiras, nordestinas e potiguares, no per?odo de 1995 a 2011. Sob a justificativa do debate acerca da efetividade das pol?ticas antic?clicas do Brasil, pretende: 1) recuperar o debate te?rico e, em certa medida, a evolu??o da teoria do consumo agregado, bem como algumas ila??es sobre sua liga??o com o sal?rio m?nimo; 2) descrever as experi?ncias e os efeitos desta legisla??o na hist?ria econ?mica, com ?nfase para o caso brasileiro; 3) apresentar algumas das bases estat?sticas dispon?veis ? pesquisa, com aten??o ?s especificidades de cada uma e aos resultados emp?ricos encontrados para o consumo no Brasil; 4) estimar os efeitos da varia??o do sal?rio m?nimo no consumo familiar no Brasil (BR), Nordeste (NE) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). A partir disso, no sentido de quantificar essa rela??o, realiza infer?ncias dos efeitos da massa salarial e do sal?rio m?nimo no consumo, em s?ries trimestrais (com ajuste ad hoc a partir dos pesos de cada trimestre), via modelo cl?ssico de regress?o linear m?ltipla. A hip?tese lan?ada consiste que: incrementos na renda, derivados da pol?tica de valoriza??o do sal?rio m?nimo influenciar?o diretamente o consumo das fam?lias. Por?m, quando comparados os resultados entre as unidades analisadas, a expressividade das fam?lias nordestinas e potiguares frente ? din?mica nacional com renda vinculada a esse piso, impulsiona impactos mais significativos nas decis?es de gasto no NE e no RN, reduzindo assim as disparidades regionais de consumo. Os resultados apontam evid?ncias contr?rias, pois enquanto para o BR uma varia??o unit?ria no sal?rio m?nimo aumenta o consumo em 1,28 unidades monet?rias, para o NE e RN esses par?metros s?o, respectivamente, 1,05 e 1,09