Although many interactional situations are manifestly of a super-subordinate variety; upon closer examination there would appear to be certain mechanisms operating which enable the subordinate to exert influence over the superordinate. The problem structuring this investigation focuses on the issue of waitress subordinate influence. Data analysis is based on a six week period of participant observation. During observation the waitress-researcher recorded information concerning three variables. These variables structured two hypotheses which were employed to test for subordinate influence. The major independent variable was identified as the waitress treatment variable. This variable was dichotomized as waitress manipulative treatment, and waitress non-manipulative treatment. It served as the basis of an experimental test. That is, two separate groups were subject to two different waitress treatment styles. One treatment style performed waitress was characterized by waitress "product promotional activity." While performing this treatment the waitress attempted to selling the maximum amount of food and liquor to dining groups. The contrasting treatment performed by waitress was characterized by an absence of "product promotional activity." The dependent variable was identified as consumption patterns practiced by diners.. This variable was measured in terms of tab size. To be determined was, what effect, if any, waitress treatment of dining group had in determining the amount of food and liquor consumed by diners. A significant relationship was established between waitress treatment style and size of tab. The findings suggest that the waitress does assert influence over the consumption patterns practiced by diners. / Master of Science

<p> This paper is an attempt to examine the effects of economic integration in the Central African Customs and Economic Union. The focus is on one form of economic integration, the customs union. A review of the theoretical literature indicates that customs unions should bring changes in the patterns of production, consumption and trade of the countries involved, and would be advantageous through the enlargement of markets, stimulus to investment and competition. From the locational point of view, the formation of customs unions could aggravate the clustering tendencies of industries to few attractive locations resulting in a polarized form of development. </p> <p> The examination of the Central African Customs and Economic Union shows that little change has been achieved in the first decade of the union. It appears that the traditional theory of customs union which was originally designed for the industrial countries is of limited applicability for the developing countries. It is suggested in the paper that the theory should be adapted to the particular characteristics and needs of developing countries and that, since economic integration is partly based on concepts from the location theory, more work is needed to examine economic integration and customs union in the context of location theory. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Overall this thesis explores the age pattern of consumption of the Canadian elderly. Theoretical applications of the Life Cycle Hypothesis suggest that these consumption patterns should be constant in real terms as individuals age. However, most empirical work observes a declining pattern of consumption with age and health status. This thesis attempts to resolve this difference. The first chapter uses data from the Canadian National Population Health Survey. Using a comprehensive measure of health status, it finds that poor health explains the reduction in consumption (and its marginal utility), with most of the effect occurring among individuals whose income is above the median. The second chapter uses data from the Canadian Survey of Household Spending to explore the effect on non-healthcare consumption of falling into ill health. It finds that the effect on non-healthcare consumption varies by the level of a household's saving or dissaving. Non-healthcare consumption decreases by roughly 2.25% of after-tax income for those households that dissave 10% of their current year after-tax income or less. As households dissave larger and larger amount, however, the effect first becomes less negative, and then more positive. The third chapter develops a theoretical approach to calculating a life annuity value that produces optimal levels of annual consumption that reflect changes in utility based on health status and age. Relative to an annuity that produces a constant real stream of income for a healthy 65 year old male, the optimal stream of income starts roughly 2% higher and drops by 2% to 3% by age 80 and by a further 2% or so by age 95. This pattern of consumption is roughly equivalent to ignoring 15 to 20 basis points of annual inflation relative to an annuity that is fully indexed to inflation. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Black carp consume large quantities of mollusks but food consumption and growth rates have not been studied. Consumption and growth of two sizes of fish fed formulated and natural diets at 20, 25, and 30 C under laboratory conditions were measured. Consumption and growth of fish fed formulated feed increased as temperature increased but followed a convex relationship for fish fed a natural diet. Metabolic and fecal production rates were determined for fish at each temperature. This information was used to develop balanced energy budgets for black carp. Bioenergetic simulation models were constructed to predict consumption and growth in natural systems. Fish inhabiting the Tennessee River and Lake Erie grow faster than fish in other select natural systems of the eastern United States and probably provide a highly satisfactory thermal regime.

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