The hospitality industry continuously seeks to recruit available talents from a variety of sources in order to provide uniquely satisfying services to customers. This has become a more challenging task with companies expanding their business into markets where cultures are dissimilar to those of the US, and the customers are more diversified. Although various studies have discussed different aspects of recruitment, they have not examined the relationship between recruitment messages and cultural difference extensively. Additionally, the current understanding with regard to person-organization (PO) fit perception is limited as well. This study aims to investigate the influence of context orientation, which is defined as the level of information explicitness in the transmitted communications (Hall, 1977), on job seekers' preference for recruitment messages, PO fit, and job application intention. Measurement items were developed based on a review of the literature. Using a paper-based questionnaire, a total of 350 college students majoring in hospitality and tourism management from three universities located in US and Taiwan, were sampled. Factor analysis was employed to identify the underlying structure among measurement items. Overall, eleven factors were extracted: six factors measured context orientation, three factors measured recruitment messages preference, and two factors measured PO fit. Structural equation modeling and multiple regression analysis were then incorporated to examine proposed relationships between constructs. Results from the statistical analysis indicated the relationships between context orientation, preferences for recruitment messages, PO fit, and job application intention were all positively related. Additionally, individuals who exhibited the qualities of low-context orientation were found more likely to prefer recruitment messages that incorporated a higher level of detail, precision, and directness. However, the proposed theoretical model was validated with the US group only. This study did not find support with the Taiwan group and with both groups combined. The findings provided some insight into the study of recruitment in the hospitality industry and its relationship with cultural differences. Further, the managerial implications were explored and a discussion of both the limitations of and suggestion for future research were discussed. / Ph. D.

Role-based modeling and programming will become more and more important to realize big, complex, and adaptive software systems [Zhu and Alkins, 2006]. Therefore, the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm is extended with roles, where objects can begin to play roles and drop roles dynamically at runtime. Playing a role is changing the object’s type which can add or change behavior. Roles are a dynamic view of the state and behavior of objects at runtime at a point of time highlighting their relations to other objects. Self-adaptive systems (SAS) are naturally context-aware systems. Thus, adaption is always seen in a context e.g., because a sensor value passes a specified limit, or because the reason could be derived from the knowledge about the past and presence. However, there is currently no common concept describing the situation (e.g., the context or other conditions that lead to a specific adaption) in which objects begin to play and stop playing roles. Current role programming languages therefore suffer from the problem of tangling of different aspects i.e., the context logic, the role adaption logic, and the business logic. This leads to less understandable and unmaintainable code [Antinyan et al., 2014]. Thomas Kühn has drafted in his major thesis [Kühn, 2011] a behavioral model to describe role binding with storyboards. This allows to model concisely role reconfigurations, but the concept lacks the ability to specify context-dependent behavior which is crucial for self-adaptive systems, and is built on top of an outdated understanding of the role concept which lacks compartments. The concept of storyboards will be extended with the ability to address context-dependent conditions. Compartments will be added in order to adapt the current wider understanding of the concept of roles. This will result in a concept for context-aware storyboards with roles which provide a separation of concerns approach w.r.t. the above named concerns. The concept will be implemented as automaton and will be evaluated on a use case. The use case is a robotic co-working scenario based on the idea of [Haddadin et al., 2009].:1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Outline 2. Background and Concepts 2.1. Role-Based Design 2.1.1. Roles and Role Models 2.1.2. Role Binding 2.1.3. Role Runtime Systems 2.2. Modeling Concepts for a Role-Playing Automaton 2.2.1. Models and Meta-models 2.2.2. Behavioral Diagrams and Automata 2.2.3. Storyboards 2.3. Relevant Software Architectures 2.3.1. Context-Aware Computing 2.3.2. Self-Adaptive Systems 2.3.3. Event-Based Systems 2.4. Summary 3. Requirements Analysis 3.1. Problem Analysis 3.2. Goals and Requirements 3.3. Technology Analysis and Selection 3.3.1. Pattern Matching 3.3.2. Model Execution 3.4. Summary 4. Concept for a Role-Playing Automaton for Self-Adaptive Systems 4.1. Context-Aware Storyboards with Roles 4.2. Syntax and Semantics 4.2.1. Overview 4.2.2. Story Pattern 4.2.3. Transitions, Events, and Guards 4.2.4. Control Nodes 4.2.5. Variable Binding 4.3. Meta-Model 4.4. Differences to Related Concepts 4.4.1. Relation to UML Activity Diagrams 4.4.2. Differences to Story Diagrams 4.4.3. Differences to Storyboards with Roles 4.5. Summary 5. Implementation 5.1. Architecture 5.2. Implementation 5.2.1. Grammar and Meta-model 5.2.2. Model Transformation 5.2.3. Graph Transformation 5.2.4. The Role Model 5.2.5. Context and Events 5.2.6. Model Execution and Validation 5.3. Summary 6. Related Work 6.1. Context-Aware Middleware for URC System 6.2. Context Petri Nets 6.3. Agent-Based and Context-Oriented Approach for Web Services Composition 6.4. Model Driven Design of Service-Based Context-Aware Applications 6.5. Summary 7. Evaluation 7.1. Use Case Robotic Co-Worker 7.2.Results 7.3.Summary 8. Conclusion and FutureWork 8.1.Conclusion 8.2.FutureWork A. Appendices A.1. Grammar for Storyboards with Roles A.2. Exemplary of a StoryDiagram A.3. Meta-Model of Context-Aware Storyboards With Roles

A dissertação apresenta uma solução para a singular dependência, até hoje, de gestos de mão para se conseguir que o ônibus pare no ponto. É o único transporte coletivo que ainda depende desse método de baixa confiabilidade, que se mostra especialmente problemático no caso de usuários vulneráveis e para todos os usuários nos horários e locais críticos. Ao mesmo tempo, esta solução permite que os ônibus deixem de fazer paradas não solicitadas, aumentando a velocidade comercial. Propõe-se uma solução através do uso de um aplicativo colaborativo em redes de celulares, semelhante ao que já acontece com os taxis. Ao contrário de outros aplicativos, que informam posições e distâncias dos ônibus, esse coordena as ações adequadas a serem tomadas pelos ônibus para o atendimento solicitado. Três alternativas são delineadas para adoção em serviços que estejam especificando novos sistemas, para aqueles que já possuem um controle centralizado antigo e que desejam adaptar esse novo recurso a ele ou os que preferem uma solução paralela simples. Esse último caso também pode ser usado em cidades que sem ter operação controlada e com poucos recursos procuram uma solução barata, mas completa. A provável aceitação pública da proposta é testada sem o desenvolvimento ainda de um protótipo operacional, utilizando técnicas de Projeto de Serviço (Service Design - SD) com grupos de discussão estimulados visualmente para relembrar as experiências de viagem. A utilização desse método simples se prova suficiente para a verificação precoce de desenvolvimento de sistemas que pode - de forma econômica - corrigir enganos antes de maiores investimentos. A proposta, por irradiação voluntária das intenções do viajante, deixando o resto a cargo do sistema de transporte, se alinha à tendência atual de dar maior importância aos sistemas com resultados determinados pelo contexto e intenções dos usuários, ao invés de os que oferecem informações para que ele decida. As aplicações adicionais são inúmeras, já que a solução aqui pesquisada se enquadra numa nova tendência de Resultados por Contexto, em que os serviços se reorganizam à situação (ou intenção) de seu usuário se essas informações forem transmitidas e utilizadas. / The thesis proposes a solution for the unique way in which passengers until now hail buses at stops using hand gestures to try to make them stop. This is the only case in which public transportation riders still depend for service on this undependable method that is especially critical for those with disabilities or all users during stressful conditions or hours. At the same time, the use of the application permits services that halt at all stops to stop doing so resulting in higher commercial speeds. The proposed solution uses a mobile collaborative network like those used for e-Hailing taxis and cars. Different from other solutions that display location and time distances of all buses to passengers, it takes over all actions that are necessary to stop the bus where the passenger has called from. Three development options are outlined for services that are specifying new systems, for those that already have an outdated one and wish to adapt them to include these new functions or those that prefer a simple parallel solution. This last alternative can also be used by cities without centralized bus operation control and counting on limited funds that are looking for a simple and economical but complete solution. The probable acceptance of this application by the public is tested without having to develop a working prototype, by using discussion groups with visual stimulation to develop travel experience recall. The use of this simple method proves itself adequate for early pre-prototype testing of system development which can economically correct major mistakes before greater investments in the project are made. The application, by broadcasting traveler intentions and leaving the rest to the transportation system, is in line with today\'s choice of emphasizing system developments that include context, as well as intentions, in their results instead of search information that is turned over for passenger decision. Many additional applications are possible, as the approach researched agrees with today\'s trend of Results from Context in which services rearrange themselves according to the situation and user intentions if this information is transmitted and used.