O conhecimento dos aspectos relacionados à interface planta:animal em sistemas de produção em pastagens ganha enorme relevância quando se tem como objetivo principal trabalhar dentro de princípios baseados no equilíbrio e racionalidade do uso dos recursos inerentes ao processo produtivo. Dessa forma, caracterizar os componentes da estrutura do dossel forrageiro e o efeito que os mesmos exercem sobre o comportamento ingestivo de animais em pastejo assume grande importância, uma vez que podem influenciar de forma relevante o consumo de forragem. Dentro desse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo procurar elucidar aspectos pertinentes à interface planta:animal através da quantificação do tamanho e da taxa de bocado, tempo gasto nas atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio pelos animais, e o consumo diário de forragem em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastejados por bovinos em regime de lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. O experimento foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ, em Piracicaba, SP, entre 01 de novembro de 2001 e 14 de fevereiro de 2003. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro alturas de dossel forrageiro (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) mantidas em steady state, e foram alocados às unidades experimentais segundo um delineamento de blocos completos c casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os resultados revelaram uma redução em consumo de forragem com a diminuição da altura do dossel forrageiro (1,3; 1,8, 1,8 e 2,0 kg MS.kg PV -1 para 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente), conseqüência da redução em tamanho de bocado (0,5; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,5 g MS.bocado -1 para 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente). Os animais, na tentativa de tentar compensar a redução em consumo, aumentaram a taxa de bocado (46,3; 30,3; 23,8 e 17,5 bocados.minuto -1 para 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente) e, na condição de 10 cm de dossel forrageiro, aumentaram, também, o tempo de pastejo (11,4; 10,7; 10,6 e 10,5 horas.dia -1 para 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que a ingestão de forragem pode ser controlada através de variações em condição e estrutura do dossel forrageiro, situação essa que demonstra o potencial de planejamento e monitoramento de estratégias de pastejo baseadas em metas de condição de dossel para níveis variáveis de exigências nutricionais, épocas do ano e espécie animal. / Knowledge of aspects related to plant:animal interface in pastoral systems acquire greater importance when the main objective is to rationalize and optimize the use of any resource available. In that scenario, characterization of structural sward components and their effect on ingestive behaviour of grazing animals is a key element, since they can have a relevant influence on herbage intake. Against this background, the objective of this experiment was to study aspects of the plant:animal interface quantifying bite size, bite rate, time spent on grazing, rumination and rest as well as herbage intake of cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu pastures submitted to continuous stocking managements. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, from 01 November 2001 until 14 February 2003. Treatments corresponded to four steady state conditions characterized by sward surface heights (SSH) of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, assigned to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design, with four replications. The results revealed a reduction in herbage intake with decreasing SSH (1.3, 1.8, 1.8 and 2.0 kg DM.kg LW -1 for 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, respectively), consequence of a reduction in bite size (0.5, 0.8, 1,2 and 1.5 g DM.bite -1 for 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, respectively). Animals, in an attempt to compensate the decrease in herbage intake, increased their bite rate (46.3, 30.3, 23.8 and 17.5 bites.minute -1 for 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, respectively) and, for the 10 cm SSH, increased, also, their grazing time (11.4, 10.7, 10.6 and 10.5 hours.day -1 for 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, respectively). It was concluded that herbage intake can be controlled by variations in sward structure and condition, which points to the potential for planning and monitoring grazing strategies based on sward targets for variable levels of animal requirements, time of the year and animal species.

Two consecutive experiments were conducted to test a hypothesis that mixed grazing outcome is influenced by the type of stocking system applied. The objective of both experiments was to investigate the influence of co-grazing with sheep on cattle liveweight gain (LWG) under continuous (C) and rotational (R) stocking, where sheep weekly liveweight change under the two stocking systems was kept similar. In experiment I nine yearling heifers (266 ± 4.5 kg liveweight) and 27 ewe hoggets (54±0.9 kg liveweight) were continuously stocked for 19 weeks on an irrigated perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture (2.95 ha) maintained at a sward surface height (SSH) of 5cm by adding or removing additional animals in a fixed ratio (1: 1 W⁰.⁷⁵ cattle:sheep). An equal area of pasture was rotationally stocked by a similar group of animals where they received a new area of pasture daily and also had access to the grazed area over the previous 2 days. The size of the new area provided daily was such that the weekly liveweight change of rotationally co-grazed sheep was equal to that of those continuously co-grazed with cattle. Similar groups of animals were used in the second experiment with additional group of 9 heifers grazed alone on C and R pastures. Liveweight of animals was recorded weekly and final fasted weight was determined after 24-hour total feed restriction. SSH on both treatment swards was recorded daily. There were three intake measurement periods spread over the trial period. Organic matter intake (OMI) was predicted from the ratio of N-alkanes in faeces and herbage. Diet composition was determined by dissecting oesophageal extrusa samples. Grazing behaviour (bite rates and grazing time) were also recorded. The mean SSH for C pasture was 5.1±0.09 cm. Overall pre- and post-grazing SSH for R pasture was 15.9 ±0.12 and 5.6 ±0.07 cm, respectively. As determined by the protocol average daily LWG of sheep was similar between C and R (147 (±5.8) vs 138 (±6.7) g day⁻¹; (P>0.05). In contrast, cattle continuously stocked with sheep grew 200 g day⁻¹ slower than those rotationally stocked with sheep (800 (±41.6) vs 1040 (±47.7) g day⁻¹, P<0.0l). R heifers achieved 30 kg higher final fasted liveweight than C heifers (350 vs 381 kg; P<0.01). Overall LWG per ha was also 6 % higher under R than C stocking (674 vs 634 kg ha⁻¹). The OMD of both sheep (73.5 vs 75.8 %) and cattle (75.8 vs 78.0 %) diets was similar under continuous and rotational stocking. There was no significant difference OMI data also concurred with the L WG data (Cattle: 7.94 vs 6.31 (±0.32) kg day⁻¹ (P<0.05); sheep: 1.40 vs 1.44 (±0.04) kg day⁻¹ for Rand C treatments, respectively). There was no difference in clover content of cattle diet under C and R treatments. C heifers had higher number of bites per minute than R heifers (62 vs 56; P<0.05). Proportion of heifers seen grazing (every 15-minute) during four 24-hour observations was greater on C than R pasture (0.44 vs 0.31 (±0.03); P<0.05). The similarity coefficient between sheep and cattle diet was 0.61 and 0.76 under C and R stocking, respectively. The lower daily LWG of C heifers was attributed to (a) the lower SSH under C than R stocking and/or (b) the inability of cattle to compete well with sheep where there is small, continual renewal of resources (C) in contrast to a large periodic renewal under R stocking. This experiment showed that the outcome of mixed gruing can be influenced by the stocking system chosen. But it was not possible to apportion the difference in LWG of cattle between mixed grazing per se and the difference in mean grazed sward height (5.1 for C vs 10.8 cm for R). A second experiment was conducted to determine the relative performance of cattle co-grazed with sheep (CS) and grazed alone (CA) under each stocking system. Hence, there were four treatments. CA- continuous stocking (CA-C), CS- continuous stocking (CS-C), CA- rotational stocking (CAR) and CS- rotational stocking (CS-R). A total area of 4.42 ha was allocated to each stocking system. Under C stocking, 2.95 ha (2/3) was assigned to CS-C and 1.47 ha (1/3) to CA-C, and SSH on both treatments was kept at 4 cm by adding or removing extra animals. Under R stocking, CA-R and CS-R grazed side by side separated by an electric fence. They were given a fresh area daily, the size of which was varied such that the weekly LW change of R sheep was equal to that of the C sheep. CA-R received one-third of the new area though the size was adjusted regularly to achieve the same post-grazing SSH with CS-R. Measurements included: weekly liveweight change, OMI (two periods) and diet composition (using N-alkanes). The mean SSH of CA-C and CS-C swards was 4.27 and 4.26 (±0.02) cm, respectively. CA-R and CS-R swards had mean pre-grazing SSH of 14.9 and 15.2 (±0.08) cm and post-grazing heights of 4.87 and 4.82 cm (±0.03), respectively. The proportion of areas infrequently grazed was higher for CA-C than CS-C swards (0.22 vs 0.17, respectively). C and R sheep daily LWG: 155 (±0.6) and 147 (±0.7) g, and OMI: 1.96 and 2.04 (±0.ll) kg, respectively, were not significantly different. They also had similar diet composition. In comparison, CS-C heifers grew only at 69 % of the daily LWG achieved by CS-R heifers (706 vs 1028 (±72) g; P<0.05). LWG of CA-C and CA-R was 916 and 1022 (±72) g day⁻¹, respectively. The difference in LWG between CS-R and CS-C (D₁) heifers was due to difference in mean sward height, stocking system and mixed grazing, while D₂ (difference in LWG between CA-R and CAC) was due to difference in mean sward height and stocking system. D₁-D₂ (the effect of stocking system on mixed grazing) was 216 g and made up 67 % of the total difference between CS-R and CS-C. There was a significant stocking system-species mixture interaction in the final fasted LW achieved by heifers. Final fasted LW was significantly lower for CS-C than CA-C heifers (283 vs 323 (±9.7) kg), but did not differ between CS-R and CA-R (332 vs 330 (±9.7) kg, respectively). The digestibility of diet OM was similar for both continuously and rotationally stocked sheep (84.4 vs 83.2 %, respectively). Cattle diet OMO was 76.5, 74.7, 79.4 and 77.8 for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R respectively (P>0.05). Differences in OMI followed a similar pattern to daily LWG. Mean daily OMI was 8.98, 6.24, 8.80 and 9.45 (±0.40) kg for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R, respectively. Clover content of the diet of CA-C heifers was three times higher than that of CS-C heifers (30.7 vs 10.4 % OM; P<0.05); there was no difference in clover content of diets of CS-R and CA-R heifers (21.5 vs 23.9 % OM, respectively). In both stocking systems LWG per ha was higher on CA than CS treatments. These results suggested that the disadvantage of selective clover grazing by sheep outweighed the advantages of sheep grazing around cattle dung patches under continuous stocking. Under rotational stocking, rapid diurnal changes in sward conditions probably limited selective grazing by both sheep and cattle such that there was no disadvantage to CS cattle. The results do not provide a basis for recommending grazing cattle with sheep rather than cattle alone, but do provide some basis for recommending co-grazing of sheep and cattle using rotational rather than continuous stocking.