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Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T16:52:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carlos Alberto da Silva Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 3762874 bytes, checksum: 06ca5b93d3764e7a71a4973b9944d204 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T16:54:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carlos Alberto da Silva Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 3762874 bytes, checksum: 06ca5b93d3764e7a71a4973b9944d204 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T16:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carlos Alberto da Silva Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 3762874 bytes, checksum: 06ca5b93d3764e7a71a4973b9944d204 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the most important pests of sugarcane in Brazil. The damages are occasioned by caterpillars that open galleries inside the stems causing death of a large number of tillers in young sugarcane plantations, and a sharp reduction of productivity in more developed sugarcane plantations. Another very common issue is the entrance of fungus that cause the “red rot”, which reduces the sugar level in the stems because of the saccharose inversion stored in the plant. The borer’s association with microorganisms in the field results in the borer rot complex, a disease, responsible for significant agro industrial losses. So, the goal of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of the intensity of infestation of Diatraea saccharalis in the technological quality of varieties of sugarcane in the State of Goias. The experiment was conducted in the town of Goianesia, GO at the plantation field of Jalles Machado Plant during the period of April 2011 to May 2012, where was applied irrigation system with 50% of hydric necessity of culture. The experimental delimitation used was randomized blocks with the treatment being formed by sixteen variety: CTC2, CTC4, CTC9, CTC11, CTC15, CTC18, IAC87-3396, IAC91 -1099, IACSP94-3046, IACSP94- 2094, IACSP94-2101, IACSP95-5000, RB857515, RB92579, RB966928 e SP86-0042. There were two experiments conducted to measure the intensity of infestation of Diatraea saccharalis. The experiment one was randomly conducted in each portion, while the experiment two consisted of sugarcane grouped as plants with borer attacks, and those without signs of borer attacks. Thereafter, there were separatly technological analyses for both kinds of experiments. According to the results, the types highlighted the most were CTC9, CTC15, CTC11 e IAC91 -1099, showing high levels of technological quality and productivity. For interaction type versus borer there was not significant difference through the test F, which means the borer effects is independent of the type analysed. For the types studied 10,7% of samples with borer internodes resulted in the lowering of technological quality of sugarcane, due to reduction of brix broth, brix sugarcane, pol broth, pol sugarcane and recoverable total sugar. For every 1% of borer internodes, a loss of 0,26% of sugars and 0,25% in ATR occurs. For the chemical control using the product ALTACOR® (Chlorantraniliprole 35%), the control level of sugar cane borer is 3,29% of intensity of infestation, against 1% if using the Cotesia flavipes. / A broca da cana Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é uma das mais importantes pragas da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Os danos são ocasionados pelas lagartas que abrem galerias no interior dos colmos, provocando morte de grande número de perfilhos em canaviais jovens, e acentuada redução de produtividade em canaviais mais desenvolvidos, também é comum a entrada de fungos, que causam a “podridão vermelha”, com redução do teor de açúcar nos colmos devido à inversão da sacarose armazenada na planta. A associação da broca com micro-organismos presentes no campo resulta no complexo broca-podridão, responsável por significativas perdas agroindustriais. Assim, objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da intensidade de infestação de Diatraea saccharalis sobre a qualidade tecnológica de variedades de cana-de-açúcar em Goiás. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Goianésia, GO em área de plantio da Usina Jalles Machado, no período de abril de 2011 a maio de 2012, onde foram aplicadas lâminas de irrigação correspondente à 50% da necessidade hídrica da cultura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por 16 variedades: CTC2, CTC4, CTC9, CTC11, CTC15, CTC18, IAC87-3396, IAC91 -1099, IACSP94-3046, IACSP94-2094, IACSP94-2101, IACSP95-5000, RB857515, RB92579, RB966928 e SP86-0042. Foram realizadas dois tipos de amostragens para se medir a intensidade de infestação por Diatraea saccharalis. A amostragem 1 foi realizada aleatoriamente em cada parcela e, já amostragem 2, foram escolhidas canas com ataque por broca e canas sem sinais de ataques por broca. Consequentemente, foram realizadas análises tecnológicas separadamente para ambos os tipos de amostragens. De acordo com os resultados, as variedades que mais se destacaram foram CTC9, CTC15, CTC11 e IAC91 -1099, apresentando altos índices de qualidade tecnológica e de produtividade. Para interação variedade x broca, não houve diferença significativa pelo teste F, ou seja, o efeito da broca independe da variedade avaliada. Para as variedades estudadas, o índice de 10,7% de entrenós brocados resulta em diminuição na qualidade tecnológica da cana, devido à redução nos teores de brix caldo, brix cana, pol caldo, pol cana e açúcares totais recuperáveis. Para cada 1% de entrenós brocados, ocorrem perdas de 0,26% de açúcares e 0,25% em ATR. Para o controle químico utilizando o produto Altacor (Clorantraniliprole 35%), o nível de controle da broca-da-cana é de 3,29% de intensidade de infestação e de 1% quando se faz o uso de Cotesia flavipes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is inserted in the Biomathematics Research Group of the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-RS. It consists in the study of a discrete model for a prey-predator-insecticide system based on the Coupled Map Lattice as basic tool for its formulation. Due to the serious problems that crop pests represent to agriculture, we aproached the Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is a pest control system that seeks to preserve and enhance the natural mortality factors of pests by integrated use of control methods selected based on technical, economic, ecological and sociological parameters. The objective of this work is to build a model as simple as possible to study the effects of different pests management strategies. These strategies are divided into different treatments which take into account the number of measurements of pest population, establishing control levels (CL) and different control measures (pesticide and biological control). For comparison and to point where the treatment is more efficient to compute the total density of the pest population without any control measure and when each treatment is applied over a certain period of time. The difference between these values is converted into a decreasing percentage of the population of pests. The same is done to obtain the percentage decrease in the number of treated sites. It was found that the sooner you apply the insecticide in the system, the more effective the treatment. Furthermore, it was observed that the presence of predators (biological control) decreases the amount of treated sites and, in some instances, is less effective in controlling pest. / Esta pesquisa está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa Biomatemática, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-RS. Configura-se como um estudo sobre um modelo discreto para um sistema praga-predador-inseticida tendo como ferramenta básica para sua formulação a Rede de Mapas Acoplados. Devido aos sérios problemas que pragas de lavoura representam para agricultura, abordou-se o Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), que é um sistema de controle de pragas que busca preservar e aumentar os fatores de mortalidade natural de pragas pelo uso integrado de métodos de controle selecionados com base em parâmetros técnicos, econômicos, ecológicos e sociológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é construir um modelo tão simples quanto possível, para estudar as consequências de diferentes estratégias de manejos de pragas. Essas estratégias são divididas em tratamentos diferentes nos quais leva-se em consideração o número de medições da população de pragas, estabelecimento de níveis de controle (NC) e diferentes medidas de controle aplicadas (inseticida e controle biológico). Para comparar e apontar qual dos tratamentos é mais eficiente, computou-se a densidade total da população de pragas sem nenhuma medida de controle e quando cada um dos tratamentos é aplicado ao longo de um determinado período de tempo. A diferença entre esses valores é convertida em um percentual de decrescimento da população de pragas. O mesmo é feito para se obter o percentual de decrescimento do número de sítios tratados. Foi possível constatar que quanto mais cedo se aplica o inseticida no sistema, mais efetivo é o tratamento. Além disso, observou-se que a presença dos predadores (controle biológico) diminui a quantidade de sítios tratados e, em alguns momentos, é menos eficiente no controle da praga.

This thesis is concerned with motion planning for the classical two-phase Stefan problem in level set formulation. The interface separating the fluid phases from the solid phases is represented as the zero level set of a continuous function whose evolution is described by the level set equation. Heat conduction in the two phases is modeled by the heat equation. A quadratic tracking-type cost functional that incorporates temperature tracking terms and a control cost term that expresses the desire to have the interface follow a prescribed trajectory by adjusting the heat flux through part of the boundary of the computational domain. The formal Lagrange approach is used to establish a first-order optimality system by applying shape calculus tools. For the numerical solution, the level set equation and its adjoint are discretized in space by discontinuous Galerkin methods that are combined with suitable explicit Runge-Kutta time stepping schemes, while the temperature and its adjoint are approximated in space by the extended finite element method (which accounts for the weak discontinuity of the temperature by a dynamic local modification of the underlying finite element spaces) combined with the implicit Euler method for the temporal discretization. The curvature of the interface which arises in the adjoint system is discretized by a finite element method as well. The projected gradient method, and, in the absence of control constraints, the limited memory BFGS method are used to solve the arising optimization problems. Several numerical examples highlight the potential of the proposed optimal control approach. In particular, they show that it inherits the geometric flexibility of the level set method. Thus, in addition to unidirectional solidification, closed interfaces and changes of topology can be tracked. Finally, the Moreau-Yosida regularization is applied to transform a state constraint on the position of the interface into a penalty term that is added to the cost functional. The optimality conditions for this penalized optimal control problem and its numerical solution are discussed. An example confirms the efficacy of the state constraint. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem Optimalsteuerungsproblem für das klassische Stefan-Problem in zwei Phasen. Die Phasengrenze wird als Niveaulinie einer stetigen Funktion modelliert, was die Lösung der so genannten Level-Set-Gleichung erfordert. Durch Anpassen des Wärmeflusses am Rand des betrachteten Gebiets soll ein gewünschter Verlauf der Phasengrenze angesteuert werden. Zusammen mit dem Wunsch, ein vorgegebenes Temperaturprofil zu approximieren, wird dieses Ziel in einem quadratischen Zielfunktional formuliert. Die notwendigen Optimalitätsbedingungen erster Ordnung werden formal mit Hilfe der entsprechenden Lagrange-Funktion und unter Benutzung von Techniken aus der Formoptimierung hergeleitet. Für die numerische Lösung müssen die auftretenden partiellen Differentialgleichungen diskretisiert werden. Dies geschieht im Falle der Level-Set-Gleichung und ihrer Adjungierten auf Basis von unstetigen Galerkin-Verfahren und expliziten Runge-Kutta-Methoden. Die Wärmeleitungsgleichung und die entsprechende Gleichung im adjungierten System werden mit einer erweiterten Finite-Elemente-Methode im Ort sowie dem impliziten Euler-Verfahren in der Zeit diskretisiert. Dieser Zugang umgeht die aufwändige Adaption des Gitters, die normalerweise bei der FE-Diskretisierung von Phasenübergangsproblemen unvermeidbar ist. Auch die Krümmung der Phasengrenze wird numerisch mit Hilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente angenähert. Zur Lösung der auftretenden Optimierungsprobleme werden ein Gradienten-Projektionsverfahren und, im Fall dass keine Kontrollschranken vorliegen, die BFGS-Methode mit beschränktem Speicherbedarf eingesetzt. Numerische Beispiele beleuchten die Stärken des vorgeschlagenen Zugangs. Es stellt sich insbesondere heraus, dass sich die geometrische Flexibilität der Level-Set-Methode auf den vorgeschlagenen Zugang zur optimalen Steuerung vererbt. Zusätzlich zur gerichteten Bewegung einer flachen Phasengrenze können somit auch geschlossene Phasengrenzen sowie topologische Veränderungen angesteuert werden. Exemplarisch, und zwar an Hand einer Beschränkung an die Lage der Phasengrenze, wird auch noch die Behandlung von Zustandsbeschränkungen mittels der Moreau-Yosida-Regularisierung diskutiert. Ein numerisches Beispiel demonstriert die Wirkung der Zustandsbeschränkung.