Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Västerås : Mälardalens högskola, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The aim of the represent research was to investigate the relationship between illusion of control, optimism bias, locus of control, and drivers&rsquo / risk-taking behavior among Turkish drivers. A total of 307 drivers completed the Driver Behavior Questionnaire, the Driver Skills Inventory, the Optimism Bias Scale, the Multidimensional Traffic Locus of Control Scale, and Rotter&rsquo / s Internality Externality Scale. In chapter one, comparison between perceived risk as driver and perceived risk as passenger demonstrated existence of illusion f control among drivers. Drivers&rsquo / risk assignments were different when imagining themselves as drivers and passenger. Illusion of control was found to be related to the total number of accidents, especially involvement in active accidents. This indicates a positive relationship between illusion of control and risk-taking behavior. In the second chapter, optimism bias was found in drivers&rsquo / risk likelihood estimations for accident involvement in the future. Drivers estimated their risk of being involved in four types of accidents as less than an average driver. Optimism bias was related to self-reported violations and strong evaluation of driving and safety skills as strong. Young and novice drivers were more realistic in their risk estimations. In the third chapter, relationship between locus of control and risk-taking was investigated. Only fate scale correlated with violations. Drivers who attribute accident causes to fate were more likely to commit violations. The limitations of the current research and implications for further research were discussed.

Introduktion Kritik har riktats mot utformningen av revisionsriskmodellenoch trots det är den en viktig del förbedömningen av revisionsrisken i planeringsfasen. Ioch med detta är det relevant att studera användarnas,det vill säga revisorernas, syn på revisionsriskmodellenoch dess användning. Syfte Uppsatsens syfte är att förklara revisorers uppfattningom användningen av de olika riskerna i revisionsriskmodellen. Metod Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ metod. Vigenomför en enkätundersökning med auktoriseraderevisorer. Data samlas in med hjälp av SurveyMonkeyoch analyseras med SPSS. Slutsatser Våra resultat visar att revisorer som medverkat iundersökningen upplever att inneboende risk varviktigast följt av kontrollrisk och därefter upptäcktsrisk.Vi ser dock att bedömningen av inneboende riskoch kontrollrisk sker sammanvägt och att de påverkasav varandra vilket stärker ett flertal tidigare studier. / Introduction Criticism has been leveled at the design of theaudit risk model, even though it is an importantpart of the assessment of audit risk in the planningphase. As a result of this, it is relevant to studyusers’, namely auditors’, approach to the audit riskmodel and its use. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explain auditors'interpretation of the use of the various risks in theaudit risk model. Method The study uses a quantitative approach. The datahas been collected through a survey usingSurveyMonkey and then analyzed with SPSS. Conclusions Our results show that the auditors who participatedin the survey felt that inherent risk was mostimportant, followed by control risk, and thereafterdetection risk. However, we see that theassessment of inherent and control risks iscombined and that they are influenced by eachother, which strengthens several previous studies.

No description available.

A avaliação dos riscos de que o sistema de controle interno de uma entidade possa falhar na identificação, mensuração, registro e divulgação de eventos econômicos, que deverão ser refletidos nas demonstrações contábeis de uma entidade, constitui-se em significativo desafio para os auditores independentes. As metodologias de trabalho empregadas para tal finalidade, normalmente, utilizam como sustentáculo a lógica clássica, em que os elementos que compõem os fatores de riscos são avaliados de forma binária, qual seja, presume-se de modo algo simplista que tais fatores ou estão presentes, ou não, em um determinado tipo de controle ou fase do processo, existem ou não, são realizados ou não, e assim por diante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a concepção de um modelo de avaliação de risco dos sistemas de controles internos de uma entidade utilizando a lógica nebulosa (fuzzy logic) para contemplar os elementos incertos e difusos que compõem, de maneira representativa, os fatores desse tipo de risco analisados pelos auditores independentes no âmbito de um processo de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis; buscou-se, com o resultado desta pesquisa, permitir que venham a ser produzidos resultados de alcance mais amplo e com maior aproximação da realidade efetivamente encontrada no dia a dia dos negócios, que talvez raramente indique situações pontuais de “sim" ou “não" tal como exigido pela lógica clássica ou pelo método binário de avaliação e julgamento. A validação conceitual do modelo concebido foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e debates com especialistas, bibliografia relevante e manuais práticos de metodologia de trabalho de auditoria de empresas representativas dessa indústria e a validade operacional foi testada com uma massa de dados de casos práticos de entidades que tiveram seus sistemas de controles internos avaliados por empresas de auditoria independente de renome atuantes no Brasil, processados no software FuzzyTech 5.54. Como conclusão do estudo, ficou patente que o modelo de avaliação de risco com o uso da lógica nebulosa, além de eliminar a restrição binária imposta pela lógica clássica, permite tratar, de forma numérica e sistematizada, conceitos ambíguos e incertos, através da aplicação de uma escala psicométrica, para refletir predicados tais como “bom", “razoável", “de grande importância" etc., produzindo, dessa maneira, resultados mais amplos e próximos da realidade. / The assessment of the risks that an entity’s internal control system may fail concerning the identification, measurement, registration and disclosure of economic events, which should be reflected on the entity´s financial statements, is a significant challenge to independent auditors. The methodologies used to achieve those objectives are usually supported by classical logic thinking, in which the components of the risk factors are assessed under the binary form, in other words, under the relatively simplistic assumption that either they are present or not in a certain kind of control or in a certain phase of the process, they either exist or not, they either are carried out or not, and so on. The purpose of this study was to conceive a risk assessment pattern to assess the effectiveness of entity’s internal control system, using the fuzzy logic approach, in order to take into consideration the uncertain and diffuse elements that are actually present, to a representative extent, in the factors of the control risk analyzed by independent auditors in their process of a financial statements audit; The results of this study aim at permitting that broader conclusions may be reached by the auditors, much closer to the realities of the business environment, which may seldom present individual situations where simple “yes" or “no" answers may be given, as required by the classical logic and binary approach for assessment and evaluation The conceptual validation of the conceived model was based in interviews and debateswith experts, relevant bibliography and manuals of audit methodology of audit firms representative of this services industry, and the operational validation was tested from a database of casesof profit oriented entities which had their internal control systems assessed by recognized Brazilian audit firms, processed on the FuzzyTech 5.54 software. This study has concluded that the use of fuzzy logic to support risk assessment models not only eliminates the binary restriction imposed by classic logic, but also allows a numerical and systematic form of treating ambiguous and uncertain concepts, through the application of a psicometric scale, to reflect adjectives such as “good", “reasonable", “of great importance" etc, producing, therefore, more ample and closer to reality results.

A avaliação dos riscos de que o sistema de controle interno de uma entidade possa falhar na identificação, mensuração, registro e divulgação de eventos econômicos, que deverão ser refletidos nas demonstrações contábeis de uma entidade, constitui-se em significativo desafio para os auditores independentes. As metodologias de trabalho empregadas para tal finalidade, normalmente, utilizam como sustentáculo a lógica clássica, em que os elementos que compõem os fatores de riscos são avaliados de forma binária, qual seja, presume-se de modo algo simplista que tais fatores ou estão presentes, ou não, em um determinado tipo de controle ou fase do processo, existem ou não, são realizados ou não, e assim por diante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a concepção de um modelo de avaliação de risco dos sistemas de controles internos de uma entidade utilizando a lógica nebulosa (fuzzy logic) para contemplar os elementos incertos e difusos que compõem, de maneira representativa, os fatores desse tipo de risco analisados pelos auditores independentes no âmbito de um processo de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis; buscou-se, com o resultado desta pesquisa, permitir que venham a ser produzidos resultados de alcance mais amplo e com maior aproximação da realidade efetivamente encontrada no dia a dia dos negócios, que talvez raramente indique situações pontuais de “sim” ou “não” tal como exigido pela lógica clássica ou pelo método binário de avaliação e julgamento. A validação conceitual do modelo concebido foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e debates com especialistas, bibliografia relevante e manuais práticos de metodologia de trabalho de auditoria de empresas representativas dessa indústria e a validade operacional foi testada com uma massa de dados de casos práticos de entidades que tiveram seus sistemas de controles internos avaliados por empresas de auditoria independente de renome atuantes no Brasil, processados no software FuzzyTech 5.54. Como conclusão do estudo, ficou patente que o modelo de avaliação de risco com o uso da lógica nebulosa, além de eliminar a restrição binária imposta pela lógica clássica, permite tratar, de forma numérica e sistematizada, conceitos ambíguos e incertos, através da aplicação de uma escala psicométrica, para refletir predicados tais como “bom”, “razoável”, “de grande importância” etc., produzindo, dessa maneira, resultados mais amplos e próximos da realidade. / The assessment of the risks that an entity’s internal control system may fail concerning the identification, measurement, registration and disclosure of economic events, which should be reflected on the entity´s financial statements, is a significant challenge to independent auditors. The methodologies used to achieve those objectives are usually supported by classical logic thinking, in which the components of the risk factors are assessed under the binary form, in other words, under the relatively simplistic assumption that either they are present or not in a certain kind of control or in a certain phase of the process, they either exist or not, they either are carried out or not, and so on. The purpose of this study was to conceive a risk assessment pattern to assess the effectiveness of entity’s internal control system, using the fuzzy logic approach, in order to take into consideration the uncertain and diffuse elements that are actually present, to a representative extent, in the factors of the control risk analyzed by independent auditors in their process of a financial statements audit; The results of this study aim at permitting that broader conclusions may be reached by the auditors, much closer to the realities of the business environment, which may seldom present individual situations where simple “yes” or “no” answers may be given, as required by the classical logic and binary approach for assessment and evaluation The conceptual validation of the conceived model was based in interviews and debateswith experts, relevant bibliography and manuals of audit methodology of audit firms representative of this services industry, and the operational validation was tested from a database of casesof profit oriented entities which had their internal control systems assessed by recognized Brazilian audit firms, processed on the FuzzyTech 5.54 software. This study has concluded that the use of fuzzy logic to support risk assessment models not only eliminates the binary restriction imposed by classic logic, but also allows a numerical and systematic form of treating ambiguous and uncertain concepts, through the application of a psicometric scale, to reflect adjectives such as “good”, “reasonable”, “of great importance” etc, producing, therefore, more ample and closer to reality results.

Motorised countries have more fatal road crashes in rural areas than in urban areas. In Australia, over two thirds of the population live in urban areas, yet approximately 55 percent of the road fatalities occur in rural areas (ABS, 2006; Tziotis, Mabbot, Edmonston, Sheehan & Dwyer, 2005). Road and environmental factors increase the challenges of rural driving, but do not fully account for the disparity. Rural drivers are less compliant with recommendations regarding the “fatal four” behaviours of speeding, drink driving, seatbelt non-use and fatigue, and the reasons for their lower apparent receptivity for road safety messages are not well understood. Countermeasures targeting driver behaviour that have been effective in reducing road crashes in urban areas have been less successful in rural areas (FORS, 1995). However, potential barriers to receptivity for road safety information among rural road users have not been systematically investigated. This thesis aims to develop a road safety countermeasure that addresses three areas that potentially affect receptivity to rural road safety information. The first is psychological barriers of road users’ attitudes, including risk evaluation, optimism bias, locus of control and readiness to change. A second area is the timing and method of intervention delivery, which includes the production of a brief intervention and the feasibility of delivering it at a “teachable moment”. The third area under investigation is the content of the brief intervention. This study describes the process of developing an intervention that includes content to address road safety attitudes and improve safety behaviours of rural road users regarding the “fatal four”. The research commences with a review of the literature on rural road crashes, brief interventions, intervention design and implementation, and potential psychological barriers to receptivity. This literature provides a rationale for the development of a brief intervention for rural road safety with a focus on driver attitudes and behaviour. The research is then divided into four studies. The primary aim of Study One and Study Two is to investigate the receptivity of rural drivers to road safety interventions, with a view to identifying barriers to the efficacy of these strategies.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 106, 1 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.