Widespread protein-calorie malnutrition in many countries has stimulated interest in direct use of whole soybeans. However, acceptability of this protein/calorie-rich food is limited by several factors such as prolonged cooking time, poor texture and lack of consumer familiarity. Direct use of soybeans might be more acceptable if beans were dehulled prior to use. The objective of this investigation was to study the cooking quality, nutritive value, sensory characteristics and shelf life of dehulled soybeans in comparison with whole soybeans. The soaking time of whole soybeans was four times greater than that of dehulled soybeans (12 to 3 hr, respectively). Solid losses during soaking were greater for dehulled beans than for whole beans (8.6% and 0.7%, respectively), but cooking times (5.9 to 6.1 hr) were not significantly different. Whether raw or cooked, bean types did not significantly differ for PER, NPR and apparent digestibility. After cooking, there were significant increases in all nutritional parameters studied. Dry dehulled beans were significantly preferred over whole beans, but cooking reversed this preference. Both soybean types were stored in lots of 500 g polyethylene bags up to 6 mo at two environmental conditions (25°C, 75% RH, env. l; and 38°C, 90% RH, env. 11) and sampled monthly. Moisture content of whole and dehulled beans increased significantly during storage, however, rate of moisture increase was greater when both soybean types were stored under env. II. Cooking time of whole and dehulled beans increased linearly with storage duration. Storage environment affected the rate/extent of this increase (19%, env. I; 87%, env. II). Trypsin inhibitor activity decreased during storage; cooking destroyed this activity in all samples. PERs of dehulled beans were reduced by storage under both conditions, whereas those of whole beans were influenced only by env. II. For both soybean types, NPR and apparent digestibility values were independent of storage treatment. Color and odor of dry samples were adversely affected by storage duration under env. II. The increased color associated with storage under env. II. was less pronounced after samples were cooked. No practical limitation was found for dehulled beans in relation to whole beans and several advantages were suggested. Dehulled soybeans may constitute another alternative for increasing direct consumption of this protein/calorie-rich food.

Four different heating treatments with two different methods of cooking were applied to soybeans. The treatments were boiling 20 min, autoclaving 5 min, 10 min, or 20 min, after soaking the beans for 10 hr at 25°C. Vitamin B-6 and free folacin in cooking water were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the heat treatments. Treatments also significantly influenced vitamin B-6, free folacin, trypsin inhibitor activity, water absorption, moisture content; and blue, green, and amber values, in the cooked soybeans. Treatments decreased the definition of the soybean cell structures. Boiling method caused relatively more losses of vitamin B-6 into cooking water, inactivated trypsin inhibitor at the same level, and caused a lighter color of cooked soybean than autoclaving methods. Analysis of covariance showed relationships (P<0.05) between water absorption after cooking with total folacin in cooked soybeans, and water absorption after cooking with blue color value. Other relationships (P<0.05) were observed in cooked soybeans between texture and total folacin, moisture content and trypsin inhibitor activity and free folacin. / Graduation date: 1982

LD2668 .T4 1949 S55 / Master of Science

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-140). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-140). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the valuable leguminous crops with grain used for human consumption, livestock feeding, bio-fuel (bio-diesel) production, vegetable oil and is a protein resource. The crop also fixes atmospheric nitrogen. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of two soybean varieties to a combination of inoculation and seaweed extract. The research trial was conducted at Syferkuil farm during 2017/2018 summer season in which two soybean varieties (TGx 1937-1F promiscuous) and (PAN 1583R specific-nodulating) were evaluated for their growth, nodulation and yield responses to rhizobium inoculation and seaweed extract (0 % rate (0ml/12L), 50 % rate (30ml/12L) and 100 % (60ml/12L). The research trial was laid out as a split-split plot arrangement fitted in RCBD with four replications. Inoculation significantly influenced grain yield at P≤0.05, seed nutrient content and total above-ground biomass, except for seed potassium. No inoculation significantly achieved higher primary branches per plant at P≤0.05, pod number per plant, stem diameter (P≤0.05), grain yield (P≤0.05), harvest index and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. The variety TGx 1937-1F had significantly (P≤0.001) higher nodule number per plant, effective nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, dried shoot biomass, leaf number per plant, pod number per plant, primary branches per plant, stem diameter, plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, total above-ground biomass, grain yield and seed iron (Fe) content. Application of full rate seaweed extract significantly (P≤0.001) increased primary branches per plant, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, plant height, shelling percentage, total above-ground biomass, grain yield, and seed content of calcium (Ca), potassium, magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and sodium (Na) all at P≤0.05. Seaweed extract rate at 0 % obtained the highest harvest index (P≤0.001). Inoculation and variety TGx 1937-1F interaction exhibited a significant increase on leaf number per plant at P≤0.001, primary branches per plant at P≤0.001 and plant height at P≤0.001. Variety TGx 1937-1F, without inoculation, obtained significantly higher pod number per plant (P≤0.001), stem diameter at P≤0.001, grain yield at P≤0.05 and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. Variety PAN 1583R, without inoculation, obtained significantly higher harvest index and shelling percentage at P≤0.001. Interaction of vi inoculation and seaweed extract showed that no inoculation × 100 % rate of seaweed extract significantly (P≤0.001) increased primary branches per plant, leaf number per plant, stem diameter, pod number per plant and plant height. Interaction of inoculation × 100 % rate of seaweed extract increased grain yield (P≤0.001) and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. Inoculation × 50 % rate of seaweed extract interaction increased shelling percentage at P≤0.001. No inoculation × 0 % rate of seaweed extract interaction obtained significantly higher harvest index (P≤0.001). Interaction of variety and seaweed extract showed that variety TGx 1937-1F × 100 % rate of seaweed extract significantly increased primary branches per plant (P≤0.001), pod number per plant at P≤0.001, grain yield at P≤0.001 and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. The variety TGx 1937-1F × 50 % rate of seaweed extract significantly raised the size of stem diameter (P≤0.01) and plant height (P≤0.001). Three-way interactive effects of inoculation × variety TGx 1937-1F × 100 % rate of seaweed extract obtained significantly higher number of shelling percentage at P≤0.001, leaf number per plant at P≤0.05 and primary branches per plant at P≤0.001. Interaction of no inoculation × variety TGx 1937-1F × 100 % rate of seaweed extract obtained significantly high pod number per plant at P≤0.001, grain yield at P≤0.05, total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001 and plant height at P≤0.001. No inoculation × PAN 1583R × 100 % rate of seaweed extract interaction had a higher harvest index at P≤0.001. The study showed that inoculation, seaweed extract, or their combination generally enhanced seed nutrient content, especially in variety TGx 1937-1F. The study further showed that promiscuous soybean (TGx 1937-1F) had higher grain yield, under stressful growing conditions as compared to PAN 1583R variety. This implies that soybean variety TGx 1937-1F, with 50 % or 100 % application rate of seaweed extract could be recommended to smallholder farmers. Key words: Soybean, inoculation, seaweed extract, phenological development, growth, nodulation, grain yield and seed nutrient content. / National Research Foundation (NRF)