The aim of this study is to design and build a miniature spray cooling system, in which the manufactured and adopted chamber, pump and heat exchanger are smaller than the conventional ones. An experiment was conducted to explore the cooling performance of the spray cooling system after its size has been minimized. In the experiment, copper was used to make the heated surface and different working media, such as DI water, as nanofludics with silver and multi-walled carbon nanotubes powder were sprayed on the heated surface to enhance the heat dissipation efficiency of the system. The experiment in this study was set according to two conditions: transient and steady state, with Weber number as the main parameter, to observe the boiling phenomenon of different working media on heated surface and to record the temperature changes of the heated surface. The results were shown in boiling curve and cooling curve. The ultimate goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the cooling performance of the miniature spray cooling system in order to apply it to micro-electronic cooling devices, thereby solving the problem of the sharp increase in heating power per unit area on electronic components.

A series of AlSi9Mg alloys were prepared and tested to reveal the effect of addition sequence and timing of grain refiner and eutectic modifier. AlSr10 master alloy was used as an modification reagent, and also for grain refiner AlTi5B master alloy was used. The depression at the eutectic temperature due to the addition of modifier and decrease in the amount of undercooling at the liquidus due to the presence of grain refiner were examined by the cooling curves which were obtained by the Alu-Therm instrument, which is the aluminum thermal analyzer of the Heraeus Electro-Nite. The alloys that were both modified and grain refined were subsequently poured as tensile test specimen shapes in permanent die casting mould for four times at 60 minutes time intervals, meanwhile thermal analysis of the alloys were also made. In this work the effect of grain refinement and modification agent, also the determination of the optimum time to pour after adding these agents were studied by aluminum thermal analyzer. The parameters obtained from this analyzer are compared with the microstructures / to see the effect of these agents on mechanical properties, hardness, tensile strength and percent elongation values were investigated. In this study the possibility of predicting the mechanical properties prior to casting by thermal analysis method was examined by regression analysis method. By this method relationship between thermal analysis parameters and mechanical properties was established.

As velocidades críticas de resfriamento necessárias à obtenção de percentuais definidos de martensita, presentes em amostras de aços temperados em óleo, foram determinadas por meio de curvas de resfriamento. As amostras constituíram-se de barras de aço AISI 4140 e 8640 com seções circulares de 25,4; 38,1 e 50,8 mm e barras quadradas com 25,4 e 38,1 mm de lado e comprimento igual a 5 vezes o diâmetro ou lado. Visando-se à obtenção de padrões de comparação para essas velocidades, foram também obtidas as curvas em U das durezas ao longo das seções transversais das barras e as curvas Jominy desses aços. Os resultados apresentaram boa coerência, o que garantiu a eficiência do processo. Os resultados concernentes ao teor específico de 50% de martensita foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de equações constantes na literatura. As equações não se mostraram diretamente adequadas, requerendo a obtenção de um fator de correção, que uma vez obtido mostrou-se eficiente na adequação dos valores empíricos de velocidade crítica aos determinados por meio das curvas de resfriamento. / The criticaI cooling velocities necessary to obtaining specific contents of martensite, present in test specimens of hardened steels in oil, were evaluated by means of cooling curves. The samples were constituted of bars of AISI 4140 and 8640 steels with 25,4; 38,1 and 50,8 mm diameter and squared bars with 25,4 and 38,1 mm in side by 5 times the diameter or side long. Aiming at obtaining comparison patterns for those velocities, they were also obtained the curves in U of the hardness along the traverse sections of the bars and the Jominy curves of those steels. The results presented good agreement, what guaranteed the efficiency of the process. The concerning results achieving a 50 pct martensitic microstructure were compared with those obtained from equations presented in the literature. The equations did not show good approaches, requesting the determination of a correction factor, that once obtained it was shown efficient in the adaptation of the empirical values of critical velocities to those determined by means of the cooling curves.

As velocidades críticas de resfriamento necessárias à obtenção de percentuais definidos de martensita, presentes em amostras de aços temperados em óleo, foram determinadas por meio de curvas de resfriamento. As amostras constituíram-se de barras de aço AISI 4140 e 8640 com seções circulares de 25,4; 38,1 e 50,8 mm e barras quadradas com 25,4 e 38,1 mm de lado e comprimento igual a 5 vezes o diâmetro ou lado. Visando-se à obtenção de padrões de comparação para essas velocidades, foram também obtidas as curvas em U das durezas ao longo das seções transversais das barras e as curvas Jominy desses aços. Os resultados apresentaram boa coerência, o que garantiu a eficiência do processo. Os resultados concernentes ao teor específico de 50% de martensita foram comparados com os obtidos a partir de equações constantes na literatura. As equações não se mostraram diretamente adequadas, requerendo a obtenção de um fator de correção, que uma vez obtido mostrou-se eficiente na adequação dos valores empíricos de velocidade crítica aos determinados por meio das curvas de resfriamento. / The criticaI cooling velocities necessary to obtaining specific contents of martensite, present in test specimens of hardened steels in oil, were evaluated by means of cooling curves. The samples were constituted of bars of AISI 4140 and 8640 steels with 25,4; 38,1 and 50,8 mm diameter and squared bars with 25,4 and 38,1 mm in side by 5 times the diameter or side long. Aiming at obtaining comparison patterns for those velocities, they were also obtained the curves in U of the hardness along the traverse sections of the bars and the Jominy curves of those steels. The results presented good agreement, what guaranteed the efficiency of the process. The concerning results achieving a 50 pct martensitic microstructure were compared with those obtained from equations presented in the literature. The equations did not show good approaches, requesting the determination of a correction factor, that once obtained it was shown efficient in the adaptation of the empirical values of critical velocities to those determined by means of the cooling curves.

Submitted by Cassia Cavalcanti da Silva null (cassiacavalcanti@terra.com.br) on 2016-08-01T22:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Cássia_2016.pdf: 9369604 bytes, checksum: d9e7dedc0ffe91324f392628a9e5c12f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-03T16:09:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silvia_cc_dr_guara.pdf: 9369604 bytes, checksum: d9e7dedc0ffe91324f392628a9e5c12f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silvia_cc_dr_guara.pdf: 9369604 bytes, checksum: d9e7dedc0ffe91324f392628a9e5c12f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A liga AA 356 é uma liga Al-Si amplamente utilizada tanto na indústria automobilística como na aeronáutica. Para melhorar suas propriedades mecânicas, são usados inoculantes para o refino de grão e para modificação eutética. Os componentes solidificados em moldes metálicos, que são mais eficientes na extração de calor, em geral, têm propriedades mecânicas superiores àqueles solidificados em moldes de areia que apresentam uma menor taxa de extração de calor. A curva de resfriamento que é uma curva da temperatura em função do tempo obtida da extremidade de um termopar localizado no centro do molde e conectado a um sistema de aquisição de dados é uma ferramenta que permite avaliar tanto o refino de grão quanto a modificação eutética. Essa ferramenta permite observar também a formação de fases intermetálicas, e é influenciada por fatores como a taxa de resfriamento. A primeira derivada da curva de resfriamento que representa a taxa de resfriamento é parte da ferramenta, pois melhora a precisão dos dados obtidos com a curva de resfriamento. Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho foram preparados lingotes variando-se o material do molde (areia e aço), o teor de modificador de eutético e a adição de refinador de grão, ambos na forma de ligas-mãe (ante-liga) Al-10Sr e Al-5Ti-1B, respectivamente. Os valores para traçar as curvas de resfriamento foram obtidos monitorando a temperatura do metal desde o vazamento até sua completa solidificação e posterior resfriamento. Amostras do material foram preparadas para metalografia e obtidas imagens de macroestrutura e microestrutura. Da microestrutura foram obtidas as imagens com o ataque químico convencional e o ataque químico profundo; foram realizadas medidas de fração de porosidade por área, por técnica de microscopia, além de medidas de dureza Vickers e Brinell. Os resultados confirmam que a técnica da análise térmica da curva de resfriamento é uma excelente ferramenta, pois além de fornecer as temperaturas solidus e liquidus, as temperaturas de transformações de fases e informações sobre a eficácia do refino de grão e modificação eutética, pode ser utilizada na avaliação da presença de impurezas e na identificação de fases presentes nas ligas, tanto da liga primária quanto da liga reciclada. / The alloy AA 356 is an Al-Si alloy widely used in the automotive and aeronautics industry. To improve the mechanical properties of this alloy inoculants are used to grain refine and eutectic modification. The solidified components in metal mold, with a higher heat extraction rate, generally have mechanical properties superior to those solidified in sand mold with a lower heat extraction rate. The cooling curve is a curve of temperature versus time obtained in the end of a thermocouple located in the center of the mold and connected to a data acquisition system. It is a tool to evaluate both the grain refinement as the eutectic modification. This tool also can also be used to observe the formation of intermetallic phases, and is influenced by factors such as the cooling rate. The first derivative of the curve representing the cooling rate is part of the tool because it improves the accuracy of the data obtained from the curve. For the development of this work ingots were prepared varying the mold material (sand and steel), the content of eutectic modifier and the grain refiner addition , both in the form of master alloys Al-10Sr and Al-5Ti-1B, respectively.The data for plotting the cooling curves were obtained experimentally during solidification; Samples of the material were prepared for metallography and macrostructure and microstructure images were obtained. Through microstructure images obtained with conventional etching and deep etching. Porosity fraction area was measured by microscopy technique and hardness measurements were performed by Vickers and Brinell metdhod. The results confirm that the thermal analysis of the cooling curve is an excellent tool because provides the solidus and liquidus temperatures and the phase transformations on the effectiveness of the grain refining and eutectic modification and it can be used to assess the presence of impurities in the phase identification, for both the primary alloy and the recycled alloy.