Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238-258). / Microfiche. / xv, 258 leaves, bound ill., photographs 29 cm

Lau, Pui Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-94). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.v / Acknowledgements --- p.ix / Contents --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Regulations of gametogenesis and mass spawning in corals --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Endogenous cues --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Environmental cues --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Studies on black corals --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction of black corals --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Black corals harvesting --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Biodiversity and distribution of black corals in Chinese and Hong Kong waters --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Threats to black corals --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance and objectives of the present study --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Objectives --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- "The targeted species, Antipathes curvata and the study site" --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis outline --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Reproductive Biology of Antipatharian Black Coral, Antipathes curvata in Lan Giio Shui, Hong Kong" / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Coral Reproduction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Sexual reproduction in black corals --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample collections and pre-treatment --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Histological processing --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Light microscopy --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Gametogenesis --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Environmental and statistical analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General reproductive mode --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- "Sex ratio, size at sexual maturity and density of gamete" --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Characteristics of polyps and gametes of A. curvata --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Changes in geometric diameter of gametes overtime --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Developmental stages of gametogenesis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Oogenesis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Spermatogenesis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Development of oocytes and spermaries over time --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Correlation of black coral reproduction with seawater temperature --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Gametogenesis in individual colonies --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.8.1 --- Female colonies --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.8.2 --- Male colonies --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Asynchronization of gametogenic cycle --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Possible effect of seawater temperature on reproduction of A. curvata --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Detection of the Sex Steroid 17β-estradiol and its Possible Roles on Gametogenesis in Black Corals Antipathes curvata from Hong Kong / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- "Roles of sex hormone, 17(3-estradiol (E2) in the reproduction of vertebrates" --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Roles of vertebrate-type sex steroids in Cnidaria --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study site --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 17β-estradiol (E2) extraction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 17β-estradiol (E2) assay --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Calculation and assay validation --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Gametogenesis of A. curvata --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Seawater temperature and statistical analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Seasonal profile of E2 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Gametogenesis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Correlation with seawater temperature --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Summary and Perspectives --- p.78 / References --- p.84

[Truncated abstract] The extent to which marine populations are connected by larval dispersal is crucial to their distribution, maintenance and diversity. Thus, for the effective conservation of threatened systems such as coral reefs, understanding patterns of connectivity is essential. However, the biophysical mechanisms that retain or disperse larvae within and among populations are poorly understood. Though the open ocean environment provides the opportunity for long-distance dispersal, if this potential is only rarely realised, recruits produced from afar are unlikely to contribute to the local-scale demography of populations over ecological time frames, but will limit broad-scale genetic diversification over evolutionary time. This thesis explores the extent of genetic and demographic connectivity of two species of reef-building corals over a range of spatial scales among the discontinuous reef systems of northwest Australia. ... Putative source and sink dynamics were not random, but were associated with levels of disturbance and recovery from a recent and catastrophic coral bleaching. When S. hystrix samples from another two offshore systems were included in the analysis, large differences among systems showed that gene flow over hundreds of kilometres is rare over microevolutionary time scales that account for connections over multiple generations. Levels of subdivision over the same spatial scales were markedly lower in the acroporid coral, Acropora tenuis, than in S. hystrix. These results are congruent with expectations based on reproductive mode; in contrast to S. hystrix, which releases brooded larvae that are competent to settle immediately, A. tenuis broadcasts its gametes, and after external fertilisation, the larvae need to develop for several days before they are competent to settle. Despite the differences in levels of broad-scale subdivision, in both species significant differentiation was detected between reefs within systems (>10 km), and between sites within some reefs (< 10 km). These results indicate not only that dispersal between reefs and even some reef patches is restricted, but also that hydrodynamics influence retention of brooded and spawned larvae in similar ways. Further analysis of A. tenuis populations from two coastal systems detected significant differences in genetic diversity among the four major systems of northwest Australia. Additionally, genetic divergence between the coastal and offshore zones was greater than expected by the geographic separation of systems, indicating that connectivity between these zones via transport of A. tenuis larvae on oceanic currents occurs rarely even over microevolutionary time scales. This study has two primary implications for conservation. First, since coastal and offshore reefs of northwest Australia appear to be discrete genetic entities, they have independent evolutionary potential to adapt to local conditions and environmental change. Second, systems, reefs and some reef patches of northwest Australia are demographically independent units. Therefore, designs of coral reserve networks should consider routine dispersal distances of kilometres to a few tens of kilometres.