abstract: Extended crystal defects often play a critical role in determining semiconductor device performance. This dissertation describes the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and aberration-corrected scanning TEM (AC-STEM) to study defect clusters and the atomic-scale structure of defects in compound semiconductors. An extensive effort was made to identify specific locations of crystal defects in epitaxial CdTe that might contribute to degraded light-conversion efficiency. Electroluminescence (EL) mapping and the creation of surface etch pits through chemical treatment were combined in attempts to identify specific structural defects for subsequent TEM examination. Observations of these specimens revealed only surface etch pits, without any visible indication of extended defects near their base. While chemical etch pits could be helpful for precisely locating extended defects that intersect with the treated surface, this study concluded that surface roughness surrounding etch pits would likely mitigate against their usefulness. Defect locations in GaAs solar-cell devices were identified using combinations of EL, photoluminescence, and Raman scattering, and then studied more closely using TEM. Observations showed that device degradation was invariably associated with a cluster of extended defects, rather than a single defect, as previously assumed. AC-STEM observations revealed that individual defects within each cluster consisted primarily of intrinsic stacking faults terminated by 30° and 90° partial dislocations, although other defect structures were also identified. Lomer dislocations were identified near locations where two lines of strain contrast intersected in a large cluster, and a comparatively shallow cluster, largely constrained to the GaAs emitter layer, contained 60° perfect dislocations associated with localized strain contrast. In another study, misfit dislocations at II-VI/III-V heterovalent interfaces were investigated and characterized using AC-STEM. Misfit strain at ZnTe/GaAs interfaces, which have relatively high lattice mismatch (7.38%), was relieved primarily through Lomer dislocations, while ZnTe/InP interfaces, with only 3.85% lattice mismatch, were relaxed by a mixture of 60° perfect dislocations, 30° partial dislocations, and Lomer dislocations. These results were consistent with the previous findings that misfit strain was relaxed primarily through 60° perfect dislocations that had either dissociated into partial dislocations or interacted to form Lomer dislocations as the amount of misfit strain increased. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2020

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Afin de mieux appréhender la plasticité des alliages métalliques, il est important de pouvoir décrire à l'échelle atomique les interactions entre dislocations et solutés et d’en déduire l’effet sur la mobilité des dislocations. Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux métaux de transition cubiques centrés (CC), et en particulier au fer, en présence de solutés interstitiels. A l’aide de calculs en Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT), la structure de cœur de la dislocation vis de vecteur de Burgers b=½<111> a été étudiée dans le fer en présence de solutés de bore, carbone, azote et oxygène et dans les métaux CC des groupes 5 (V, Nb et Ta) et 6 (Mo, W) en présence de carbone. Nous avons mis en évidence dans le fer et les métaux du groupe 6 une reconstruction du cœur de la dislocation en présence de solutés, associée à une très forte énergie d’attraction dislocation/soluté. Un comportement différent a été observé pour le groupe 5, la configuration la plus stable pour le carbone étant un site octaédrique proche de la dislocation, sans reconstruction de cœur. Cette tendance de groupe a été reliée à la structure des mono-carbures. Les conséquences des interactions fortement attractives dans le fer en présence de carbone ont ensuite été développées. D’une part la ségrégation d’équilibre du carbone proche du cœur de la dislocation a été étudiée à l’aide de modèles en champ moyen et de simulations Monte Carlo. D’autre part, la mobilité de la dislocation décorée a été étudiée en modélisant le mécanisme de double décrochement, en lien avec des observations expérimentales en microscopie électronique à transmission / In order to improve our understanding of alloy plasticity, it is important to describe at the atomic scale the dislocation-solute interactions and their effect on the dislocation mobility. This work focuses on the body-centered cubic (BCC) transition metals, in particular Fe, in presence of interstitial solute atoms. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the core structure of the screw dislocation of Burgers vector b=½<111> was investigated in iron in presence of boron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen solute atoms, and in BCC metals from group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) and 6 (Mo, W) in presence of carbon solutes. A core reconstruction was evidenced in iron and group 6 metals, along with a strong attractive dislocation-solute interaction energy. A different behavior was observed in group 5 metals, for which the most stable configuration for the carbon atom is an octahedral site in the vicinity of the dislocation, without any core reconstruction. This group tendency was linked to the structure of mono-carbides. Consequences of the strongly attractive dislocation-solute interactions in Fe(C) were then investigated. First the equilibrium segregation close to the dislocation core was studied using a mean-field model and Monte Carlo simulations. Then, the mobility of the dislocation in presence of carbon atoms was investigated by modeling the double-kink mechanism with DFT, in relation with experimental data obtained with transmission electron microscopy

Master´s thesis deals with construction technology project of Sewerage and wastewater treatment plants. The old building objects will be demolished and there will be built new objects on the same place as before. The target of the reconstruction is reducing the amount of energy and increase technological and technology level of wastewater treatment. One of the part of the reconstruction is build new filling station and the sanitation of pipelines on the other side of the river.

In my master's thesis I deal with constructive technological project of medical faculty of Charles Univerisity. The aim is to solve the structure in terms of financial, time and technology. Constructive technological project of my thesis contains site equipment, time and financial schedule, design of mechanization, technological prescription, inspection and test plan, health and safety, etc.