Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2003. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 52 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-49).

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Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Illinois University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-49).

Thesis advisor: John Sallis / Today, professional philosophy is dominated by the assumption that literary language is either merely ornamental or that it even detracts from the purposes of philosophical discourse. Ancient philosophers, however, did not share this assumption. Thinkers like Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, and Plato all recognized that their manner of expression contributes to the philosophical purposes of a text in a way that does not merely confirm or illustrate what is said. This is why Plato couches his account of linguistic correctness (his only sustained treatment of linguistic meaning) in a thoroughly poetic dialogue—the Cratylus. Many scholars have recognized Plato’s debt to the literary tradition by trying to identify the provenance of his literary practices (such as etymologizing) in the Cratylus. And on the other hand, many have developed sophisticated interpretations of the dialogue’s arguments. However, no research adequately represents the expressly philosophical contribution made by Plato’s appropriation of the literary tradition in the Cratylus. My dissertation engages Plato’s appropriation of the literary tradition by looking at both his adoption of literary concepts and his enactment of literary practice. It does so with a focus on two philosophical questions that are fundamental to the Cratylus and yet have been neglected in the scholarship: (1) what exactly does Plato mean by “correctness,” and (2) why does he have Socrates demonstrate this correctness by etymologizing? The first chapter tackles the first of these questions by replacing the nearly universal understanding of “correctness,” as a correspondence between the semantic content of a name with a true description of the name’s referent, with an understanding based on the concept’s provenance in the literary tradition, a broader appropriateness of language to what is spoken about that I call “resonance.” Each subsequent chapter address a key instance where the standard understanding of correctness (and of etymology’s role in exhibiting correctness) is inadequate—and where an understanding of correctness as resonance makes more sense. The second chapter demonstrates that Cratylus makes positive philosophical contributions to an understanding of correctness as resonance through his own stylized use of language. Therein, I argue that Plato uses Cratylus’ style to express the idea that language’s correctness increases as it is made increasingly conspicuous in its insufficiency, thus precluding closure or reification of what is what is spoken about. The third chapter demonstrates that a crucial argument early in the dialogue is analogical in the strongest sense—that a correct understanding of the argument requires an understanding of the correctness (as resonance) of the argument’s analogues. Like Chapter 2, this demonstrates how language can be made meaningful, paradoxically, through a sort of destructive manipulation. The fourth chapter shows how the standard understanding of correctness cannot be true of Socrates’ paradigm instance of correctness, the Homeric god-given names, and how these names are more correct because they require us to seek their varied and unapparent resonances. And the final chapter shows how the entire dialogue is unified by a brief and previously overlooked allusion to a scene in the Iliad. This recognition provides the interpretive key to understanding the philosophical contributions made by the dramatic structure of the dialogue. Hence, this dissertation provides a renewed understanding of the dialogue’s central concern, correctness, and its central practice, etymologizing. Its interpretation is interesting for what it says about the relation of meaning to such diverse things as phonetics, context, language’s mode of expression, etc. And by demonstrating how this sophisticated account of meaning results from attention to Plato’s appropriation of his predecessors, my dissertation contributes to the growing scholarship that recognizes the philosophical import of Plato’s “literary” engagement. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Computer Science.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Computer Science.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Snapshot Isolation (SI) is a multiversion concurrency control that has been implemented by open source and commercial database systems such as PostgreSQL and Oracle. The main feature of SI is that a read operation does not block a write operation and vice versa, which allows higher degree of concurrency than traditional two-phase locking. SI prevents many anomalies that appear in other isolation levels, but it still can result in non-serializable execution, in which database integrity constraints can be violated. Several techniques have been proposed to ensure serializable execution with engines running SI; these techniques are based on modifying the applications by introducing conflicting SQL statements. However, with each of these techniques the DBA has to make a difficult choice among possible transactions to modify. This thesis helps the DBA’s to choose between these different techniques and choices by understanding how the choices affect system performance. It also proposes a novel technique called ’External Lock Manager’ (ELM) which introduces conflicts in a separate lock-manager object so that every execution will be serializable. We build a prototype system for ELM and we run experiments to demonstrate the robustness of the new technique compare to the previous techniques. Experiments show that modifying the application code for some transactions has a high impact on performance for some choices, which makes it very hard for DBA’s to choose wisely. However, ELM has peak performance which is similar to SI, no matter which transactions are chosen for modification. Thus we say that ELM is a robust technique for ensure serializable execution.

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<p>The aim of this essay was to investigate the knowledge of, and attitudes towards unbiased English usage amongst Swedish upper secondary school students. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out at an upper secondary school in southern Sweden. In the theoretical background section, terms such as political correctness and gender-neutral language use are defined. In addition, references are made to studies in the United States and Europe on students’ awareness of these aspects of language.</p><p>For the present study, a survey was carried out in which 41 students answered 13 questions in written form. The students attend their third year at four different programmes at upper secondary school.</p><p>The results show that a majority of the students are very aware of the sensitivity of referring to persons of colour, and they are even afraid of being perceived as racists if they use terms such as black American. As regards non-sexist language use, the Swedish students were aware of the fact that terms such as firefighter and police officer can be used to designate both men and women. However, the students have little knowledge of the title Ms and of the neutral alternative to chairman, chair.</p>

Η εργασία αυτή αφορά την μελέτη ταυτόχρονων (concurrent) αλγορίθμων σε δομές ευρετηρίου (δευτερεύουσας μνήμης) καθώς και τα μοντέλα ορθότητάς τους. Οι δομές ευρετηρίου που θα μελετήσουμε είναι τα Β-δέντρα κατάλληλα τροποποιημένα έτσι ώστε να μεγιστοποιείται η απόδοσή τους σε περιβάλλον ταυτοχρονισμού . Συγκεκριμένα εκτός από τους δείκτες του Β-δέντρου έxουν προστεθεί και δείκτες που ενώνουν τον έναν κόμβο με τον άλλον στο ίδιο επίπεδο του δέντρου σχηματίζοντας έτσι αλυσίδες. Στην αρχή θα δούμε μερικά φαινόμενα που ανακύπτουν όταν διάφορες διεργασίες εκτελούνται παράλληλα. Τα φαινόμενα αυτά έχουν την βάση τους στην πρόσβαση των διεργασιών σε κοινά δεδομένα από τα οποία εξαρτάται η εκτέλεσή τους. Θα δούμε πως μπορούμε να συγχρονίσουμε τις διεργασίες έτσι ώστε να μην προκύπτουν ανεπιθύμητα φαινόμενα Κατόπιν θα δούμε μερικούς βασικούς ταυτόχρονους αλγορίθμους που αντιπροσωπεύουν την λύση σε μερικά βασικά προβλήματα στην θεωρία ταυτοχρονισμού (concurrency) ,όπως τα consumer-producer problem κ.ά. Στην συνέχεια θα μετακινηθούμε στο πεδίο των αλγορίθμων για δομές ευρετηρίου. Η δομή ευρετηρίου που θα εξετάσουμε είναι το Β-δέντρο. Το δέντρο αυτό αποτελεί την κατεξοχήν επιλογή για τους σχεδιαστές βάσεων δεδομένων για την οργάνωση μεγάλου όγκου πληροφορίας στην δευτερεύουσα μονάδα μνήμης του συστήματος. Η ανάγκη για ταυτοχρονισμό σε αυτήν την δομή είναι επιβεβλημένη για την υποστήριξη πολυχρηστικών βάσεων δεδομένων και άλλων χρήσιμων εφαρμογών. Η αποδοτικότητα των αλγορίθμων μετριέται σε μέγεθος μνήμης για το οποίο έχουν αποκλειστική πρόσβαση έτσι ώστε να συγχρονίζονται μεταξύ τους οι αλγόριθμοι. Θα δούμε διάφορους αλγορίθμους καθώς και έναν δικό μας. Τέλος θα εξετάσουμε την έννοια της ορθότητας σε ταυτόχρονους αλγορίθμους. Θα δούμε διάφορα μοντέλα ορθότητας καθώς και διάφορα κριτήρια. Σε αυτά θα προσθέσουμε και ένα δικό μας κριτήριο το οποίο εξασφαλίζει απλότητα στον σχεδιασμό των αλγορίθμων πολύ μεγαλύτερη απότι προηγούμενα κριτήρια. Η συνεισφορά αυτής της εργασίας έγκειται στα εξής : 1) Στην ανάπτυξη ενός καινούριου αλγορίθμου ο οποίος επιτυγχάνει μεγαλύτερη απόδοση από προηγούμενους λόγω του νέου τρόπου συγχρονισμού που προτείνει. Συγκεριμένα ο συγχρονισμός επιτυγχάνεται όχι μέσω καθολικού αμοιβαίου αποκλεισμού (όπως μέχρι τώρα) αλλά κατά περίπτωση αμοιβαίου αποκλεισμού. 2) Στην ανάπτυξη ενός κριτηρίου ορθότητας που επιτρέπει την απλότητα και την σαφήνεια στην ανάπτυξη ιδιαίτερα αποδοτικών ταυτόχρονων αλγορίθμων. Το κριτήριο λαμβάνει υπόψη του τις καταστάσεις που μπορεί να προκύψουν σε ένα ορισμένο τμήμα κοινής μνήμης και προσφέρει έναν τρόπο να αποκλείσουμε την μετάβαση του συστήματος σε αυτές τις καταστάσεις. / This thesis is about the study of concurrent algorithms on index structures (secondary memory) as well as their correctness models. The index structures that we are going to study are properly modified B-trees to maximize efficiency in a concurrent anvironmemt. More specifically, apart from the ordinary pointers of the B-tree, pointers between nodes in the same level have been added, thus forming chains. In the beggining we will observe some phenomena that occur during concurent execution of processes. These phenomena occur when processes access simultaneously common data form which their exectution is depended. We will see how we can synchronise the processes so that these unwnated phenomena may not occur. After that, we will see some basic concurrent algorithms that represent the solution to some basic problems in concurrency theory such as consumer-producer problems etc. Then we will move to the filed of algorithms for index structures.The structure that we will study is the B tree which is very commonly used by databse designers to store large amounts of data in the secondary memory unit of the system. The need for supporting concurency for this data structure is evident form the fact that these trees are used in multi-user databases and other useful applications. The efficiency of these concurrent algortihms is measured by the size of the memory that each algortihms may have exclusive access in it. We will review various algortihms and present one of our own. At the end we will study the notion of correctness in concurrent algorithms.We will review various correctness models and present our own criterion that assures simplicity in design of alorithms much more than achieved by previous modles of correctness. The contribution of this thesis lies in the following 1)To the development of a new algorithm , more efficeint than previous ones due to the new way of synchronisation suggested.More specifically, synchronisation is achieved not through global mutual exclusion (which is the standard practice) but through relative mutual exclusion. 2) To the development of a new correctness criterion that allows simplicity and clarity in the desing of highly efficient concurrent algorithms . This criterion takes in consideration the intermediate states that can occur in an are of shared memory and offers a new way of blocking transition to specific sets of states.