Infrared photometry has been used to determine the physical characteristics of cometary solids. Observations were made of the reflected and thermal parts of the spectra of seven comets. Two of these comets, Bowell and West, were nonperiodic; the other five, Chernyhk, Encke, Kearns-Kwee, Stephan-Oterma, and Tuttle, were periodic. Observations in the 3 μm region of the spectrum of Comet Bowell provide the first direct evidence for the presence of H₂O ice in a comet. This detection represents one of the strongest possible confirmations of Whipple's (1950) icy conglomerate model of cometary nuclei. The observations of the periodic comets have yielded the following picture of the dust in this type of objects: grains with a size distribution ranging from about 0.3 μm to 10 μm, and peaking around a few microns. These grains were made up of at least two components, a silicate material and an absorbing material. These characteristics are remarkably similar to those of the dust in nonperiodic comets. This indicates that the type of dust a comet ejects does not change with age, and supports the absence of large scale differentiation in cometary nuclei. Comet West is the first case of a splitting comet in which the fragments were observed to have differences in their dusty component. These observations suggest that the nucleus of this comet did not have an "onion skin" or layered structure but rather had pockets containing dust grains with different size distributions. Based on the results presented, the relation between cometary and interstellar dust, and the origin of comets are discussed.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics, August 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The effect of dust/gas heating and cooling is shown to have a significant effect on the process of clustered star formation. Compared to an isothermal simulation, a simulation with a more accurate description of the equation of state produces an order of magnitude fewer stars as well as stars of much greater mass. The energetics algorithm used to calculate the dust and gas temperature includes the radiative heating of dust, dust-gas collisional heating/cooling, cosmic-ray heating, and molecular cooling. It uses DUSTY, a spherical continuum radiative transfer code, to model the dust temperature distribution around young stellar objects with various luminosities and surrounding gas and dust density distributions. The gas temperature is then determined by assuming energy balance. Before the complete energetics algorithm is included in a simulation, first only the dust heating component is included. The gas temperature is then set solely by the dust temperature. The resultant mass functions of our simulations which include heating are compared to those which assume an isothermal equation of state. We find that including dust heating severely limits star formation; we form at least an order of magnitude fewer objects when we include dust heating compared to an isothermal simulation. The mass functions from our simulations which include heating are much more similar than the mass functions from our isothermal simulations to the observed mass functions, in that they are able to form high-mass stars (M [> subscript tilde] 10M[solar mass]). The distribution of the high-mass objects is well-approximated by the Salpeter initial mass function. Including the complete energetics algorithm in a simulation produces results similar to a simulation with only dust heating. Both simulations have similar density profile parameters. The mass accretion, mass, and luminosity evolution of the sinks is also similar. The average temperature, however, is cooler than the simulation with only dust heating. We form fewer objects comparatively and are still unable to form enough low and intermediate-mass objects to replicate the observed mass function. This may be an effect of small number statistics, or possibly physical processes that are not considered in this work. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 146 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-146). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Physics, June 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, November 2008.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Physics, June 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

L’étude en laboratoire de matériaux extraterrestres provenant d’objets ayant peu ou pas évolué depuis leur formation il y a environ 4.6 milliards d’années, peut améliorer notre connaissance sur les débuts de notre système planétaire. Par ailleurs, la simulation en laboratoire de certains processus que ces matériaux sont susceptibles de subir au cours de leur histoire apporte également de précieuses informations pour l’interprétation des données issues des observations astronomiques ainsi que pour la compréhension de l’évolution des solides du Milieu Interstellaire jusqu’à leur incorporation dans des objets planétaires, objets incluant aussi toutes sortes de débris tels que les astéroÏdes, les comètes et toutes sortes de poussières accessibles à la collecte et/ou à l’observation.Au cours de cette thèse, l’analyse des matériaux organiques ainsi que des matériaux silicatés, jusqu’alors peu étudiés conjointement, dans les poussières stratosphériques d’origine cosmique, révèle une corrélation entre la minéralogie des grains et la longueur des chaînes carbonées. Ce lien ne semble pas le fruit de processus à la surface des corps parents des grains mais semble plutôt tracer des processus pré-accrétionnels. La conservation de composants peu altérés sur les corps parents dans les matériaux extraterrestres est encore une fois confirmée par la découverte, au cours de cette thèse, d’inclusions dans la météorite carbonée « Paris » dont les spectres infrarouges sont très similaires à ceux des composés carbonés observés dans le Milieu Interstellaire. L’étude de grains cométaires issus de la mission spatiale Stardust a montré, contrairement à l’idée que les comètes soient composées uniquement de matériaux primitifs puisque conservés dans un réservoir froid, que celles-ci contiennent aussi un certain nombre de matériaux formés à haute température, confirmant alors de précédentes analyses d’échantillons de Stardust et impliquant des échanges de matériaux à grande échelle radiale dans le jeune Système solaire.La deuxième partie de ce travail, consacrée à l’étude d’analogues de matière extraterrestre, porte sur le rôle qu’ont pu jouer les matériaux à partir desquels les planètes telluriques se sont formées dans l’apport de l’eau sur la Terre dans le cadre du scénario dit de « wet accretion ». Les expériences effectuées au cours de cette thèse visant à simuler les interactions entre silicates et vapeur d’eau ont montré que ces matériaux permettent de stocker d’importantes quantités d’eau à leur surface par adsorption des molécules de la phase gazeuse. / Laboratory analyses performed on extraterrestrial materials originating from primitive bodies of our Solar System, that are bodies known to have suffered low alteration since their formation 4.6 billion years ago, can improve our knowledge on processes that have occurred in the early phase of our planetary system. Furthermore, laboratory simulations of some processes that these materials are likely to suffer during their life cycle also bring precious indications for interpreting observational data as well as for understanding the evolution of solids from the Interstellar Medium to their incorporation into planetary bodies, these latter including asteroids, comets and all kinds of dust that may be observed and/or collected back to Earth.During this thesis, the analysis of silicate as well as organic materials, which have not been much studied jointly so far, in stratospheric particles of cosmic origin, reveals a correlation between the mineralogy of the grains and the lengths of the chains of their carbonaceous component. This link does not seem to be due to parent body processing but rather to trace pre-accretionnal processes. The preservation of pristine components in extraterrestrial materials slightly altered on their parent bodies is again confirmed by the discovery in this work, of inclusions in the “Paris” carbonaceous chondrite whose infrared spectra are similar to the interstellar carbonaceous species. The study of cometary grains from the Stardust space mission showed, unlike the common idea that comets should be composed only of primitive materials since they reside in a cold reservoir, that comets do also contain a number of materials formed at high temperature, thus confirming results from previous studies of Stardust samples and implying large-scale radial mixing of materials in the young Solar system disk.The second part of my work, dedicated to experiments on primitive extraterrestrial amorphous silicates analogs, is aimed to study the role that materials from which Earth has accreted could have played in its water budget in the frame of the “wet accretion” scenario. The experiments performed along this thesis simulating interactions between silicates and water vapor, showed that silicates allow the storage of large quantities of water by adsorption onto their surface of molecules directly from the gas phase.