This thesis aims to describe a phenomenon of judicial law-making in 21st century. The thesis is concerned with two main issues, specifically the binding effect of prior judicial decisions and the boundaries of judicial authority in law-making. The thesis begins with a description of essential terms and it focuses especially on a type of judicial decisions-making, which results in not following plain and clear language of the applicable statute. A judge is not free in his choice when to avoid the language of the statute. He is limited by values embedded in law by legislator, which he cannot exceed and extend. Therefore this activity is deemed to be a method of selecting an applicable legal norm, not creation of new law. The thesis further explains when not following plain and clear language of the applicable statute can be in reasonable cases justifiable. This part is followed by specific parts dealing with the particular forms of the judicial law-making within the bounds of two legal systems - common law and civil law. In the conclusion the paper draws a comparison between the judicial law- making in mentioned legal systems. The thesis concludes that there is a difference between the systems in the concept of bindingness of prior judicial decisions. Yet, both systems reach the stability of court...

Šeimos teisės esmę ir jos įgyvendinimo svarbiausius būdus nustato ir išreiškia šeimos teisės principai. Kadangi gyvenime vyksta tokie spartūs socialiniai pokyčiai, liečiantys ir šeimos santykius, kyla klausimas, ar šeimos teisės principai bėgant laikui taip pat negali pamažu transformuotis. Todėl yra svarbu ir aktualu išnagrinėti šeimos santykių teisinio reglamentavimo principus ir atskleisti, ar jie atitinka visuomenės lūkesčius. Lietuvos Respublikoje šeimos santykių teisinis reglamentavimas grindžiamas monogamijos, santuokos savanoriškumo, sutuoktinių lygiateisiškumo, prioritetinės vaikų teisių ir interesų apsaugos ir gynimo, vaikų auklėjimo šeimoje, motinystės visokeriopos apsaugos principais bei kitais civilinių santykių teisinio reglamentavimo principais. Darbe yra kompleksiškai analizuojama ir atskleidžiama šeimos teisės principų samprata, apibrėžiamas jų turinys. Nagrinėjama Lietuvos nacionalinių teismų formuojama praktika šia tema, nustatomos šių principų įgyvendinimo problemos, principų santykis su kitais šeimos teisės institutais (santuoka, ištuoka, vaikų ir tėvų tarpusavio teisės ir pareigos ir kt.). Darbe taip pat yra pateikiama lyginamoji analizė su kai kuriomis užsienio valstybėmis (Rusija, Lenkija) šeimos teisės principų atžvilgiu. Išanalizavus darbo temą bei išnagrinėjus teismų praktiką, prieita prie išvados, jog tarp šeimos teisės principų jokios hierarchijos nėra. Jie visi egzistuoja lygiagrečiai ir yra taikomi visi ar keli iš jų kartu sprendžiant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The principles of family law determine the essence of family law and the most important means of its implementation. Due to the rapid social changes, which have the impact on the family relationship, the question arises: do the principles of family law also change as the time passes? That is why examination of the principles of legal regulation in family law and establishing whether they correspond to the expectations of the society is crucial and of great relevance. The legal regulation of family relationship in Lithuania is based on the principles of monogamy, the equality of spouses, the voluntariness of marriage, the priority of the protection of child rights and interests, the upbringing of the child in the family, the protection of motherhood and on other principles of regulation of civil relationship. In this paper the concept of family law principles is explored and the content of these principles is defined. The special attention is devoted to the practice, formed by the courts in Lithuania. Also the problems of implementation of the principles are established, the relations of the principles with the relevant institutes of family law (marriage, divorce, mutual rights and obligations of parents and children, etc.) are analyzed. The paper also provides the comparative analysis of the principles with those applied in Russian Federation and Poland. After the topic has been explored and the court practice has been examined, the following conclusions are made: there is... [to full text]

The Article 176 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania provides the criminal liability for employers or responsible persons who infringed the labour safety rules and regulations in case of the accident, emergency that had or could have serious consequences. Much more fatal accidents at work and particularly at the construction industry, transport, wood manufacturing happen in Lithuania than in other states of the European Union. The main reasons for the accidents are “the human factor” and poor discharge of the duties fulfilled by employers and employees. The criminal cases regarding the Article 176 of the Criminal Code mentioned above are tried in the district courts as in the first instance courts. One may submit a petition for appeal to the appeal and cassation courts due to the judgments made by the courts of first instance. There were penalties from 4 to 50 minimum standards of living imposed on the persons who committed the mentioned criminal offences by the court practice and they were analysed in the Master Thesis. These penalties are very inadequate for the suffered conseguences grievous bodily harm. The European Union and other states criminal law provide stricter and more various kinds of penalties for the criminal offences listed in the area of infringement of labour safety regulations. There is no a right and unanimous criminal policy structured in Lithuania in the respect of the criminal offences provided in the Article 176 of the Criminal Code of... [to full text]