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Marriage equality exists in 35 states and the District of Columbia. Activists are waiting on the Supreme Court to issue a ruling and bring the movement to its conclusion. Critics of litigation claim that its effects are limited at best, and that the movement's desired result could be achieved without stepping foot in a courtroom. This Article seeks to examine the marriage equality movement's strategy for getting to this point, particularly the role of courts, and argues that litigation was an effective and necessary means of expanding the freedom to marry.

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Judicial system in the Czech Republic Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to give a comprehensive picture of judicial system in the Czech Republic, especially its roots, current state and possible future development. The first part of this thesis is developed into four chapters in which concept of judiciary and its functions, the important principles related to the judiciary, the related concept and the basic division of the types of courts are interpreted. The second part is divided into five chapters, which are separated by important historical events. These chapters summarize the historical development of the judicial system from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the disintegration of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, with an emphasis on the system of general courts. At the end of this part is an author's personal appreciation presented. The third part represents a crucial part of this thesis. First chapter of this part defines the relevant legal regulations relating to the judicial system, followed by six chapters, which are gradually devoted to district courts, regional courts, high courts, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. These chapters devoted to the individual courts describe their position in the judicial system, composition, internal organization, jurisdiction,...

Thesis advisor: R. Shep Melnick / The United States now has an extensive, publicly controlled, and bureaucratic system of election regulation. Until roughly a century ago, however, elections were viewed as private party contests subject to minimal state regulation. We examine how this changed, considering in particular the role played by the courts, given that for much of the nineteenth century they viewed the parties as private, constitutionally protected associations. We consider how and why the libertarian argument concerning free speech came to prominence in the campaign debate, and find that at first neither the reformers nor the courts at any level viewed this as a fundamental obstacle to--or even an issue to be considered in--the regulation of money in politics. This shift from a private to a public electoral system had a significant impact on American democracy that has not often been examined. To understand these changes, we examine the arguments put forth by advocates of cam-paign finance reform from the nineteenth to the latter part of the twentieth centuries. We focus on how the proponents justified these laws and how state and federal courts responded to these arguments, paying particular attention to court rulings on the constitutionality of these unprecedented statutes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and to the evolution of their jurisprudence in this regard during the twentieth century. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Thesis advisor: Alan Rogers / The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has a long history of interacting with the United States government, including Congress and the courts. Its relationship with each has helped shaped the present state of the association. This thesis attempts to expose the laissez-fair attitude that the government has taken with the NCAA and the effects of this attitude. It will cover a spectrum of problems that have troubled the NCAA since the 1960s, including conflict with the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), disciplinary procedure, education for student-athletes, title IX enforcement, diversity in college sports, a college football playoff, and various other complaints regarding intercollegiate athletics. Each of these issues appeared before Congress and the court system on many occasions and the usual approach taken was trust toward the NCAA. This trust has led to a lack of change or reform on the part of the NCAA. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: History.

The study of how the law worked at a local level in rural communities, and in the role of the rural magistrate at summary level, has been the subject of relatively little attention by historians. More attention has been given to the higher courts, when the majority of plebeian men and women who experienced the law during the long eighteenth century would have done so at summary level. Although some work has been carried out on summary proceedings, this has also tended to focus either on metropolitan records, a small number of sources, or on a specific, limited, number of offences. There has not been a broader study of rural summary proceedings to look at how the role and function of the rural magistrate, how local communities used this level of the criminal justice system, as complainants, defendants and witnesses, and how they negotiated their place in their local community through their involvement with the local magistrate. The research presented here uses the surviving summary notebooks of 13 magistrates working across central and southern England as primary sources, taking both a quantitative and qualitative approach to examine how rural summary proceedings operated. It shows that there was wide participation in the summary process in rural England, and that rural magistrates had a more individualised approach to their summary work and decision-making than their London equivalents. It reveals how even the poorest members of rural societies were able to employ agency and display authority in their appearances before the magistrate, and demonstrates the extent to which the use of discretion, mediation and arbitration were key functions of the rural justice.

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-69).

Thesis (M.S.)--Dept. of Sociology/Criminal Justice and Criminology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007. / "A thesis in criminal justice and criminology." Typescript. Advisor: Kristi Holsinger. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 18, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-97). Online version of the print edition.