Cranial base flexion has been used extensively as a baseline or standard from which to interpret differences in craniofacial growth and morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 414 adults representing seven samples from around the world were compared for variation in cranial base and facial morphology. The samples represent Australian Aboriginal, New Zealand Maori ( Polynesian ), Thai, Chinese, white American, African Sotho / Xhosa / Zulu and African Khoi / San populations. Seven angles of cranial base flexion, five craniofacial angles and nine cranial base and facial dimensions were measured on tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Numerous significant correlations were found between cranial base flexion angles, craniofacial angles and dimensions of the cranial base and craniofacial skeleton. A positive correlation was found between the orientation of the foramen magnum, clivus and the anterior cranial base, with a negative correlation between these angles and the orientation of the hard palate. There was also a parallel relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and the anterior cranial base ( measured from pituitary point to nasion ). Cranial base flexion, craniofacial angles and dimensions differed significantly between some samples. Despite this, there was no evidence of distinct facial types between samples. Multivariate statistics revealed some discrimination between some samples for dimensions ; however, if angles were used alone, less than 50 % of individuals could be correctly assigned to their sample of origin. Most of the variation could be attributed to variation between individuals, rather than variation between samples. The range of variation in cranial base flexion is considerable, and needs to be taken into account when comparing samples. Flexion of the cranial base is generally insufficient to distinguish people from different geographic samples. The functional and evolutionary significance of the relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and cranial base flexion is discussed for its potential usefulness as a reference line for interpreting craniofacial morphology. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School and Dental School, 2005.

This thesis deals with archiving morphological data utilizing a three dimensional coordinate system. Morphological reference points are archived via rectangular position coordinates, rectangular position vectors, and spherical position vectors. The concepts of translation trajectories, translation vectors, and relative position vectors are developed. Analysis of three dimensional coordinate data utilizing translation trajectories and translation vectors is described. In order to test the methodology developed, the method is applied to an analysis of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena L., skull morphology. (Key words: morphology, ontogenetic trajectories, allometry, position coordinates, position vectors, translation trajectories, translation vectors, relative position vectors, and harbor porpoise).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anatomical Sciences and Dental School, 2005. / "July 2005" Bibliography: leaves 263-273. Also available in a print form.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Medical School, Dept. of Anatomical Sciences and Dental School, 2005. / "July 2005" Includes bibliographical references. Also available in a print form.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 2008. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed May 14, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-29).

O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar as afinidades biológicas através da comparação estatística multivariada dos dados craniométricos dos Paleoíndios de Lagoa Santa com outras séries esqueletais representativas de diversas regiões do mundo, testando, de forma complementar, as relações biológicas primeiramente observadas por Neves & Pucciarelli (1989). De acordo com a proposta inicial de Neves e Pucciarelli (1989), que sugere que a ocupação do Novo Mundo se deu a partir da chegada de dois componentes biológicos à América, os Paleoíndios, representantes da primeira leva de colonizadores, apresentam morfologia craniana generalizada, semelhante à observada entre as populações australo-melanésicas e africanas atuais e diametralmente oposta à morfologia especializada, característica dos nativos americanos recentes, todos descendentes da segunda leva de colonizadores. Para a execução do trabalho proposto foi utilizado, como base de dados comparativa à série Paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa, uma base de dados alternativa ao banco Howells, classicamente utilizado nas investigações bioantropologicas. A base de dados alternativa, numericamente expressiva e contando com populações originárias de 19 grandes regiões geográficas, foi organizada pelo Prof. Tsunehiko Hanihara, do Departamento de Anatomia da Saga Medical School (Saga, Japão), e cedida ao Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos para a execução deste trabalho. Os resultados gerados através das técnicas estatísticas multivariadas empregadas indicaram que a população Paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa, em escala intracontinental, não se associa com as populações indígenas nativas americanas tardias e atuais e, em escala extra-continental, apresentam, de maneira geral, uma morfologia craniana mais semelhante à apresentada por populações de morfologia craniana generalizada / The present work proposes the analysis of the biological affinities, through a multivariate statistics comparison, of the Lagoa Santa Paleoindians´ craniometric data and other skeletal series, representatives of other regions in the world, testing, in a complementary way, the biological relationships first observed by Neves & Pucciarelli (1989). In accordance with Neves and Pucciarelli initial proposal, which suggests that the New World settlement happened with the arrive of two biological components to the America, the Paleoindians, representatives of the first migration wave, who show the generalized cranial morphology, resembling the one observed among the australomelanesian and african current populations, and completely opposite to the specialized morphology of the current native americans, all descendents from the second migration wave. For the accomplishment of this work it was used, as comparative data base to the Lagoa Santa\'s Paleoindians series, an alternative data set from that produced by Howells, commonly utilized in physical anthropological studies. The alternative data base, numerically expressive and counting with populations derived from 19 great geographic regions, was organized by the Professor Tsunehiko Hanihara, from the Anatomy Department of Saga Medical School (Saga, Japan), and granted to the Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies (Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos - LEEH), for the execution of this project. The results generated through the employee multivariate statistics technics pointed out that the Paleoindian population from Lagoa Santa, in a intra-continental scale, do not associate with the american indigenous populations, neither from the past nor the present and, from the extra-continental scale, they present, in a general manner, a cranial morphology that resembles more that one presented by the populations with the generalized cranial morphology.

Commonly used craniofacial reference planes such as Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and sella nasion (SN) have shortcomings including their variable inter-individual orientation when related to true horizontal (HOR). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of a range of craniofacial reference planes to HOR including those which have not been investigated before: Krogman-Walker line (KW line), neutral horizontal axis, foramen magnum line and posterior maxillary plane. A sample of 57 (38 female, 19 males) consecutive, pre-treatment orthodontic subjects aged 12 to 18 were photographically recorded in a standing mirror guided natural head position (NHP). Cephalograms taken at the same time were traced, oriented to a plumb line (true vertical) transferred from the photograph, and measured for statistical analysis. Thirty nine of these subjects were photographically recorded 2 months later to test the reproducibility of NHP. The results showed that the variability of the 11 selected craniofacial reference planes related to HOR was generally high. The planes illustrating lowest variability to HOR were FH and KW line with standard deviations of 4.6° and 4.7°, respectively. These, however, showed about double the variation in NHP reproducibility (Dahlberg 2.1°). The KW line and palatal plane were also oriented closest to HOR on average. Therefore, KW line and palatal plane are potential substitutes for the commonly used reference planes in the absence of a reliable NHP. However, NHP still represents a more valid craniofacial reference system than the investigated reference planes. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297323 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - School of Dentistry, (Orthodonitics), 2007

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Orientador: Felippe Bevilacqua Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T18:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_Rafael_M.pdf: 1526338 bytes, checksum: c49df956a2834e197e1a4f7f20191095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os índices de antropologia forense aplicados em população brasileira leucoderma e faioderma, para investigação da ancestralidade e dimorfismo sexual. Este utilizou 128 tomografias de feixe cônico da área de Radiologia Oral da FOP/UNICAMP, 73 de indivíduos femininos e 55 de indivíduos masculinos, de idade entre 20 e 30 anos, com ancestralidade conhecida, sem patologia ou ausência dentária. Foi mensurado a altura e largura nasal para determinação do índice nasal, e os ângulos do prognatismo utilizando o software OnDemand3D (Cybermed, Irvine, EUA). Também foi realizada a mensuração do volume dos seios maxilares, em 4 grupos discriminados por sexo e ancestralidade. Foi utilizado o software R CRAN para a análise estatística, no qual realizou-se a análise discriminante sobre os ângulos do prognatismo e o índice nasal, onde a taxa de acerto foi de 66,6% para leucodermas e 4,76% para faiodermas. Para a capacidade volumétrica do seio maxilar foi aplicado o teste ANOVA seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey, para os 4 grupos onde foi observado diferença significativa (p=0,00113) apenas entre os grupos faioderma masculino e feminino e o grupo faioderma masculino e leucoderma feminino. Para análise do dimorfismo sexual pelo volume do seio, foi aplicado um teste t de Student não pareado, no qual foi observado uma diferença significativa (p=0,0005), entretanto quando aplicado o teste t para análise da população faioderma e leucoderma, não foi observado diferença significativa (p>0,05). Este estudo concluiu que os ângulos do prognatismo não são parâmetros adequados para predição da ancestralidade em indivíduos leucodermas e faiodermas. Quanto à capacidade volumétrica dos seios maxilares, esta não obteve um bom desempenho na determinação da ancestralidade, mas foi significativa para o dimorfismo sexual / Abstract: The objective of this study was analysis the indexes used in forensic anthropology applied in Brazilian leucoderm and faioderm people for investigation of ancestry and sexual dimorphism. This study used 128 cone-beam computed tomography scans from Oral Radiologic area of Piracicaba Dental School of the University of Campinas; witch 73 from females and 55 from males, aged between 20 and 30 years, with known ancestry without pathology or dental absence. The nasal height and width was measured to determine the nasal index and the prognathism angles described by Arbenz (1959) was measured. The volume of the maxillary sinuses was also measured on 4 groups classified by sex and ancestry. Was used the R CRAN software for statistical analysis, which was performed the discriminant analysis of the angles of prognathism and the nasal index, where the prediction rate was 66.60% for leucoderm and 45.76% for faioderm. For the volumetric capacity of the maxillary sinus was applied ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Tukey test for the 4 groups where it was observed significant difference (p = 0.00113) only between the male and female faioderm groups and the male faioderm group and female leucoderm. The analysis of sexual dimorphism in the sinus volume, we applied the unpaired Student's t test, in which we observed a significant difference (p = 0.0005), however when applied the unpaired Student's t test for analysis of population faioderm and leucoderm, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05). This study concluded that the prognathism angles are not a good parameter for predicting the ancestry in leucoderm and faioderm individuals. For the volumetric capacity of the maxillary sinuses, this not performed well in determining ancestry, but was significant for sexual dimorphism / Mestrado / Odontologia Legal e Deontologia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental