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A personalidade do agente na fixação da pena / The defendents personality in crime penalty sentencingStoco, Tatiana de Oliveira 05 June 2013 (has links)
A personalidade do agente está relacionada entre os critérios de individualização judicial da pena previstos no artigo 59 do Código Penal brasileiro o qual, tal como muitos outros estatutos repressivos penais, privilegiou algumas das principais ideias defendidas pela Escola da Criminologia Positivista italiana e da Defesa Social. No curso da história da legislação penal brasileira é possível observar como a subjetividade do réu passou a ganhar importância progressivamente, chegando a tornar-se, em determinado momento, o principal foco de atenção. Influenciaram esse processo de subjetivação da lei penal outros ramos do conhecimento, em especial, a Psicologia, a Psiquiatria e a Antropologia Criminal que, com a irrupção da Ciência Positivista experimentalista acabaram ganharam legitimidade para influenciar diretamente as Ciências Jurídicas, inaugurando, consequentemente, uma nova fase na história do Direito Penal. Conceitos e institutos típicos dessa fase foram assimilados pela nossa legislação e amplamente defendidos por autores brasileiros do início do século XX. Nossa jurisprudência nacional, da mesma forma, viu-se diretamente influenciada pela tendência subjetivista então inaugurada e assim permanece, em certa medida, até os tempos atuais. O presente trabalho busca a origem dessas influências, analisa o caminho que ela percorreu em nossa legislação e doutrina penais e visa buscar uma solução garantista e compatível com um Estado Democrático de Direito para o espinhoso problema do critério da personalidade: conceito poroso e de duvidosa possibilidade de aferição. Para tanto, fundamenta-se nos principais modelos teóricos de determinação da pena que vêm se desenvolvendo na Alemanha e na Espanha com a finalidade de esclarecer qual o papel dogmático dos critérios subjetivos no processo de individualização judicial da sanção. Finalmente, procura analisar o conceito de personalidade para a doutrina brasileira e para a jurisprudência, apontando as principais deficiências e dificuldades que este critério acarreta para o operador do Direito, propondo, ao final, uma interpretação possível para aquele conceito. / The personality of the defendant is listed among the criteria for penalty individualizing provided for article 59 of the Brazilian Penal Code which, like many other repressive penal statutes is focused on some of the main ideas defended by the Italian school of Positivist Criminology and Social protection school. In the course of the history of Brazilian criminal law is possible to observe how the subjectivity of the defendant went on to gain gradually importance, going so far as to become, at given time, the main focus of attention. Other fields of knowledge, influenced this process of subjectivation, in particular, Psychology, Psychiatry and Criminal Anthropology of the criminal law. With the irruption of the Positivist sciences they gained legitimacy to directly influence the legal sciences, inaugurating, consequently, a new phase of criminal law. Concepts and typical institutes of this phase were assimilated by our legislation and widely advocated by brazilian authors of the early 20th century. Our national case-law, likewise, was directly influenced by the subjectivist trend then opened and remains, to some extent, up to the present time. The present paper seeks the origin of these influences, analyzes the path that it traveled in our legislation and penal doctrine and aims to seek a solution conformable to a democratic State of law to the thorny problem of the criterion of personality: a porous concept and of doubtful possibility of admeasurement. To this end, is based on the main theoretical models of penalty determination that have been developing in Germany and in Spain in order to clarify what dogmatic role the subjective criteria play in the process of individualization of judicial sanction. Finally, it seeks to analyze the concept of personality to the Brazilian doctrine and jurisprudence, pointing the main shortcomings and difficulties that entails for the law´s operators, proposing, at the end, a possible interpretation to that concept.
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Trestní odpovědnost právnických osob / Issues of criminal liability of legal entitiesHudáková, Jana January 2014 (has links)
Hudáková, J. Criminal liability of legal persons Criminal liability of legal persons is a significant change to the continental European law. It is a sensible breakthrough into the core principle of an individual criminal responsibility of individuals. In connection with the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal persons and proceedings against them, the thesis deals with main aspects of the criminal liability of legal persons in the Czech Republic. After defining of legal grounds of the criminal responsibility author subsequently discusses sanctioning of legal persons. At the same time, the author discusses legal regulation of moral person criminal liability in France. She outlines the principles of criminal liability of legal persons, as well as the conditions for imposing sanctions. The author tries to demonstrate, by means of the attached statistical surveys, the numerous application of this institute in the French legal practice. Finally, the author tries to compare Czech and French legislation in selected aspects.
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