This dissertation focusses upon battered women in Gaborone and its environs. It aims to perspective. examine physical battering from a socio-legal In an attempt to link the social and the legal, the women' s theoretical with the 'symbolic' them. and actual responses are analysed together and practical legal remedies available to by using new revolutionary feminism as a methodological and analytical tool, the researcher was able both to: relate to the women as a woman, and - ' create with the women a means of communication which was less hierarchic than it would otherwise have been. The legal and sociological responses are examined against the backdrop of a brief socio-political history of the country. The central themes focussed upon here are the law, role of chiefs, and the role and status of women in both the pre- and post-independence phases. This Chapter also serves to locate the major themes of the dissertation, marriage, family and the law, within a broader socio-political context. A brief excursus focusses on selected Zimbabwean legislation which directly relates to women. Even though the legislation is not specifically for combating battering, its potential use for such purpose becomes clear. Zimbabwe provides an example of a contemporary African country actively involved with putting to paper its government's ·commitment to the liberation of women and the establishment of equality of men and women in all spheres of Zimbabwean society. '1 The recommendations are divided into preferred and interim measures. The preferred measures operable within the researcher's preferred society are aimed at: the elimination of traditional structures which result in oppression and exploitation; the elimination of ideological relations which create and reinforce oppressive social relations at both personal and I global political economic levels; and being a society in which the laws both reflect and effect the principles of equality and legality. The interim measures operate within the present society and serve as precursors to the preferred remedies. The experiences of the women and the limited use of the law both 'formed the basis for these recommendations. It is this researcher's submission that battering cannot be addressed adequately in legal terms alone. Seen as a means of social control of women, battering has to be dealt with at both the social and legal levels for any effective measures to be taken.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-189). Print copy also available.

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The use of children in war is one of the most universally condemned human rights abuses in the world, yet a large number of children are currently believed to be fighting in over 30 conflicts around the globe. While many of them die before they are released, others escape, are rescued or are returned by their captors. These children then face the daunting task of being rehabilitated and reintegrated into society. Despite the broad nature of the issue, and its huge individual and societal impacts, relatively little is known about child victims of war, their time in service and their experience of reintegration. The Uganda government with hundreds of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) is assisting child victims of war in northern Uganda, however, there's still a limited impact on the situation. Formerly abducted children still face tremendous amounts of difficulty upon their return to society and remain invisible in policy making and practice. As such, this research seeks to understand the challenges and experiences faced by these children while in captivity as well as upon their return to family and community. Previous research with child victims of war has documented varying outcomes among this group of a war affected society, suggesting that the processes of ending the conflict in northern Uganda are taking place. However, not enough has been focused on building evidence specifically around the concrete reasons and ways in which the government and all stakeholders involved arc protecting, rehabilitating and reintegrating the child victims of war. This research therefore shows how a number of children were abducted and their livelihood upon return. It highlights the resilience of these children in the midst of conflict and their strong will and ability to rebuild their lives. The thesis describes the experiences of the Acholi and Lango child victims of war within the Lord 's Resistance Army (LKA), and upon return to their families and community, and offers a critical look at all efforts made by all the stakeholders involved in the reintegration and rehabilitation of these children. It also provides suggestions and recommendations on how to improve and create successful outcomes in protecting the children of northern Uganda. / Thesis (M. Soc Sci. Int relations) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013.

Efforts to explain the causes of victimization have been limited to the pioneering work of von Hentig, a few post hoc explanations of research findings, and scattered references to victim provocation. Victimologists have not only demonstrated little concern with the causes of victimization, they have also failed to give sufficient attention to the offender in their discussions of victimization. Explanations of victimization are necessarily related to theories on the causes of deviant behavior and changes of the offender since the offender's behavior is the direct cause of victimization. A review of the literature on victimization, the etiology of deviant behavior, and the operation of the legal system reveals that six different hypotheses about the causes of victimization have been advanced. These hypotheses predict that the probability of victimization is determined by: (1) exposure to offenders; (2) social distance from offenders; (3) economic attractiveness; (4) high status; (5) legal risk; and (6) physical intimidation. The image of the deviant and/or the motivations to deviate implied by each hypothesis are explored. Predictions from the six hypotheses are tested on questionnaire data from a middle class suburban high school in the Southwest. As expected, the research findings are most consistent with the predictions of the exposure hypothesis. The more exposed a student is to offenders, the greater the probability that he or she has suffered a theft or property destruction victimization both at school and elsewhere. The causes of both provoked and true personal victimization at school are also investigated. Exposure to offenders affects the probability of both true and provoked threat victimizations at school. However, high status and/or social distance from offenders also seem to play a role in true threat victimizations. Similar processes may be important in explaining attack victimizations at school.

<p>According to modern standards, the narratives about Hagar in Genesis 16 and 21 are stories of abuse, as many feminist commentators have pointed out. Some of them, however, argue that the narrator condones what happened to Hagar, seeing it as perfectly normal. This thesis aims to investigate whether and how Hagar was abused according to the narrator of Genesis 16 and 21: 8-21.</p>

<p>According to modern standards, the narratives about Hagar in Genesis 16 and 21 are stories of abuse, as many feminist commentators have pointed out. Some of them, however, argue that the narrator condones what happened to Hagar, seeing it as perfectly normal. This thesis aims to investigate whether and how Hagar was abused according to the narrator of Genesis 16 and 21: 8-21.</p>

Magister Theologiae - MTh / According to modern standards, the narratives about Hagar in Genesis 16 and 21 are stories of abuse, as many feminist commentators have pointed out. Some of them, however, argue that the narrator condones what happened to Hagar, seeing it as perfectly normal. This thesis aims to investigate whether and how Hagar was abused according to the narrator of Genesis 16 and 21: 8-21. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / In the field of international law three core crimes generally make up the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals: war crimes; genocide; and crimes against humanity. Only two of these crimes (war crimes and genocide) are the subject of a global convention that requires States to prevent and punish such conduct and to cooperate among themselves toward those ends. By contrast, there is no such convention dedicated to preventing and punishing crimes against humanity. An international convention on prevention, punishment and inter-State cooperation with respect to crimes against humanity appears to be a key missing piece in the current framework of international law. The offence of crimes against humanity is a jus cogens and there is an erga omnes for states to prosecute and extradite offenders of crimes against humanity. This can be achieved by having international obligations founded on a specialised convention.