According to social threat theorists, it is the mere presence of blacks that induces a fear of crime which increases punitive attitudes and leads to the mobilization of social control. Blalock (1967) argued that social control is exerted upon minority populations that are deemed threatening. Recent work on the percent black and fear of crime has transformed this aggregate-level relationship into an individual-level measure of the presences of blacks, specifically, the racial typification of crime. The present study extends Chiricos and colleagues (2004) work on the racial typification of crime by conducting such analyses in Israel where there have historically been high ethnic tensions. The dissertation explores the relationship between the ethnic typification of crime and punitive attitudes by utilizing an Arab sample of respondents from Israel. Results indicate that the main hypothesis under examination was not supported by the regression analyses. The analyses demonstrated that concern for crime was the strongest predictor of punitive attitudes net of other control and demographic variables. / A Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2010. / Date of Defense: October 25, 2010. / Arabs, concern for crime, intraethnic threat, intraracial threat, Israel fear of crime, minority threat, punitive attitudes, social threat, social control, typification of crime / Includes bibliographical references. / Dr. Marc Gertz, Professor Directing Dissertation; Joyce Carbonell, University Representative; Nicole Piquero, Committee Chair.

Recent studies have shown that the influence of gang membership is a more detrimental predictor of delinquency than the association with delinquent peers alone. A recent survey reported the existence of at least 1,500 gangs and over 65,000 gang members in Florida. Furthermore, statistics also reveal that Florida currently has the most rapidly growing gang population in comparison to all other states. This study examines and compares the predictors of gang membership in three South Florida counties with the highest gang membership rates, Broward, Miami-Dade and Palm Beach, by evaluating risk factors at the community, family, school, peer and individual level. Using the Florida Substance Abuse Survey Data, the study seeks to examine the risk factors predictive of gang memberships that are present in the three counties, how the exposures to multiple risk factors increase the odds of gang memberships and how they compare in exposure to risk factors. Logistic regressions are employed to identify significant predictors of gang membership net of the effects of race and gender. Implications for policy and gang intervention programs are discussed. / A Thesis submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2009. / Date of Defense: April 24, 2009. / Gangs, Risk Factors, Florida Gangs, Life Course Perspective / Includes bibliographical references. / Sarah Bacon, Professor Directing Thesis; William Bales, Committee Member; Brian Stults, Committee Member.

There are a number of criminal law doctrines that evade the �doctrine of conjunction�1 � the precondition for culpability that the commission of a prohibited act be proven as accompanied by the intention to achieve the unlawful consequence.2 In general, they do so by ignoring, presuming, imputing or fictionally creating either actus reus or mens rea. This thesis contends that these are techniques which are deliberately constructed to manage incidental harm3 and which, together with the inchoate or anticipatory offences, form a patchwork of methods to supervise the citizen�s choices to inflict risks. It further argues that, by artificially converting secondary or incidental intention into malice, the doctrines disguise that modern criminal law has fate-management as its primary focus. The thesis illustrates that there are significant gaps in this regime. For instance, the inchoate offences can generally only address direct intention,4 and the outcome-based prohibitions cannot intercept fate. The thesis also maintains that fictions such as objective and constructive liability offend the rule of law, in that they modify fact rather than place values on it.5 The work suggests that current criminal law is an interim step towards a fully subjective fate-managing law. It proposes a radical revision to the existing approach: that the core criminal offence be �conscious disproportionate endangerment of the legal rights of others�.

The major objective of this document is to give one insight into the area of various treatment concepts, as they relate to juvenile delinquents. An attempt has been made to show various reasons for inadeQuacies of treatment as well as setting out the different types of treatment such as, non-legal versus legal methods and experimental programs in the field. There are four different reasons expounded upon in this document relating to the inadequacies of treatment in this area. The document sets out six various methods of which are referred to as legal methods. The document further sets out six different experimental types of programs in the field, as well as setting out certain principles which should govern the treatment of delinquents. The primary source of information was obtained from various books, periodicals and leaflets which have been published in the course of identifying the problems in this area.

No description available.

This study examined the success and failure rates among noninstitutionalized black male delinquents aged 13 through 17 years from the Atlanta New Dimension Community Treatment Center of Georgia. Those who succeeded and those who failed were compared along the following dimensions: (1) family structure; (2) educational achievement; (3) social class; (4) seriousness of offense; and (5) alcohol-drug use. The data required for this study were collected using 50 successful case files and 50 failure case files. The study sample was drawn from one Atlanta community treatment center (CTC). The study findings disclose: (1) Those delinquents coming from an Intact family are more likely to succeed; (2) those with higher educational achievement will be more likely to succeed; (3) those who are products of middle class are more likely to succeed; (4) those delinquents with less serious offenses are more

This thesis examines the relationship of drug abuse violations of three variables: age, time period, and cohort over a 20-year period. By utilizing drug abuse violation statistics from the Uniform Crime Reports, this study tests Richard Easterlin’s cohort hypothesis. Easterlin’s hypothesis suggests that crime rates will fluctuate according to the relative size of age cohorts. That is, large cohorts will generate higher arrest rates than small cohorts. This hypothesis was tested as it applied to arrest rates for drug abuse violations. The findings disclosed that both age and cohort, but not period, had a significant relationship to arrest rates for drug abuse violations. The variable age had a more significant relationship to arrest ates for drug abuse violations than did cohort. Therefore, Easterlin’s hypothesis is not confirmed.

There are a number of criminal law doctrines that evade the �doctrine of conjunction�1 � the precondition for culpability that the commission of a prohibited act be proven as accompanied by the intention to achieve the unlawful consequence.2 In general, they do so by ignoring, presuming, imputing or fictionally creating either actus reus or mens rea. This thesis contends that these are techniques which are deliberately constructed to manage incidental harm3 and which, together with the inchoate or anticipatory offences, form a patchwork of methods to supervise the citizen�s choices to inflict risks. It further argues that, by artificially converting secondary or incidental intention into malice, the doctrines disguise that modern criminal law has fate-management as its primary focus. The thesis illustrates that there are significant gaps in this regime. For instance, the inchoate offences can generally only address direct intention,4 and the outcome-based prohibitions cannot intercept fate. The thesis also maintains that fictions such as objective and constructive liability offend the rule of law, in that they modify fact rather than place values on it.5 The work suggests that current criminal law is an interim step towards a fully subjective fate-managing law. It proposes a radical revision to the existing approach: that the core criminal offence be �conscious disproportionate endangerment of the legal rights of others�.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Alexander-Universität zu Erlangen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Erlangen.