Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Erlangen, 1912. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [5]).

Thesis (doctoral)--University of London. / Includes index. Reproduction of original from Harvard Law School Library.

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<p>&quot / The following thesis investigates the MACR in African Legal Systems. The MACR is the youngest age at which children in conflict with the law find themselves caught up in the harsh realities of the criminal justice system. Up until recently, debates around fixing a MACR had been successfully side-stepped since the adoption of the UNCRC in 1989. The UNCRC has provided for human rights for children on a global scale while the ACRWC provides for such rights regionally. Contracting States Parties to these treaties agree that there needs to be a MACR in place and have adopted a childrens rights-based framework for reviewing their current child laws, policies and practices in accordance with the minimum standards provided. They do not however, agree on what the fixed minimum age should be...&quot / </p>

<p>&quot / The following thesis investigates the MACR in African Legal Systems. The MACR is the youngest age at which children in conflict with the law find themselves caught up in the harsh realities of the criminal justice system. Up until recently, debates around fixing a MACR had been successfully side-stepped since the adoption of the UNCRC in 1989. The UNCRC has provided for human rights for children on a global scale while the ACRWC provides for such rights regionally. Contracting States Parties to these treaties agree that there needs to be a MACR in place and have adopted a childrens rights-based framework for reviewing their current child laws, policies and practices in accordance with the minimum standards provided. They do not however, agree on what the fixed minimum age should be...&quot / </p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität in Breslau.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Marburg.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Göttingen. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [vii]-x).

Academics have often been criticised for their preoccupation with theoretical abstraction and logical deduction and their concomitant failure to address issues of practical importance or exigency. It must therefore be stated at the outset that the recommendations contained in this paper are not confined to a theoretical analysis of the doctrine of mistake. Per contrast, they are motivated by a genuine concern on the part of the writer to alleviate the present discord between South African criminal legal theory and socio-cultural reality. These recommendations are premised upon the advantages of the reception of the normative approach to criminal liability in South Africa, and they have been iterated elsewhere l by the writer in the context of, inter alia, the defence of necessity. The submissions that constitute the core of this paper must, however, be regarded as subject to the following qualification. A successful reception of the normative approach necessitates a change in the existing power relations that are operative in South African courts. To leave its application to the presiding judge and assessors would be to give them the freedom to inflect their decisions with their personal values and prejudices. It has been argued elsewhere2 by the writer that this problem may possibly be solved by the reintroduction of the jury system, suitably loaded to cater for the interests operative in the case. Sustained reflection and exposure to the exigencies of practice has, however, yielded the conclusion that the difficulties that accompanied the jury system and the suspicion with which it was viewed, outweigh any advantages that its re-introduction may have. A possible alternative, and one which, it is submitted, would work well in practice, is the increased use of expert witnesses at the stage prior to conviction, provided that they are suitably qualified (either formally or informally) to adduce evidence on the socio-cultural matrix of relations in which the accused in question lives and moves. In the context of mistake of law, for example, evidence concerning, inter alia, the level of legal knowledge and general education in a particular community could be adduced by persons who are either long-standing members or active participants in the socio-cultural life. of such community. The theoretical views and preferences expressed in this paper should thus be read with the above-mentioned practico-social problems in mind.

The doctrine of common purpose, which hails from English law, was introduced into South African law via the Native Territories Penal Code. The first South African criminal case in which this doctrine was applied outside the field of application of the abovementioned act, was Ry Garnsworthy, where it was formulated as follows: Where two or more persons combine in an undertaking for an illegal purpose, each one of them is liable for anything done by the other of others of the combination, in the furtherance 'of their object, if what was done was what they knew or ought to have known, would be a probable result of their endeavoring to achieve their object.5 According to Visser and Vorster,6 this doctrine was probably imported into our law due to difficulties experienced in 1 D XLVIII.8.17: 'If a man dies after having been struck in the course of a quarrel, the blows of every one who took part in this should be investigated' - own translation. 2. Section 78 of the Native Territories Penal Code Act 24 of 1886 (C) provided: 'If several persons form a common intention to prosecute any unlawful purpose, and to assist each other therein, each of them is a party to every offence committed by any one of them in the prosecution of such common purpose, the commission of which offence was, or ought to have been, known to be a probable consequence of the prosecution of such common purpose.' (Quoted in Rabie "The doctrine of common purpose" (1971) SALJ 229.) See also R v Taylor 1920 EDL 318 323.