This study is the result of exploratory research on the daily lives and experiences of private security officers working in Hong Kong housing estates. As the first qualitative investigation of its kind, it examined two case studies of separate estates through the lens of Nodal Governance, which involved interviews with security practitioners and end-users, work practice observations, and documentary analysis. Security officers were found to ‘wear many hats’. Apart from crime prevention, the core roles and functions of private security in these estates are to enforce property owners’ orders and maintain the residents’ quality of life. These ‘hats’ were underpinned by the operational characteristics of property management businesses, especially that of security provision structures. The study found that security officers needed to improvise strategies that stopped short of exercising their legal powers, but dealt with suspects and rule breakers nonetheless. In this way, these officers and security companies provided a resident-orientated service style of private policing, with a focus on neighbourhood safety and harmony.The private security industry in Hong Kong is regulated by a ‘hybrid regulation mechanism’, with a unique mix of public and private actors, and closer inspection suggested that government ordinance initiatives on building management and security services have unintentionally shifted policing responsibility from the state to its citizens, which did much to address residential security inequity indirectly. These findings contribute to a variation on the theme of nodal governance in two ways: ordinances implicitly delegating security provision to citizens paradoxically centralised governance as an unintended consequence; and the genealogy of policing institutions in Hong Kong test the hidden assumptions in western norms of governance. Elsewhere, the study shed light on private security industry regulation, shifting policing responsibilities, security inequity, ad hoc strategizing by actors with limited powers, and high-rise housing security for future reference and further research.

In the Province of the Western Cape in South Africa, gangsterism continues to be associated with issues of violence, crime and localised conflicts, affecting residents on the Cape Flats in particular. Although the country's legal framework promotes human rights and despite ongoing interventions by law enforcement, the effectiveness of government responses is still debated by politicians as well as the general public. Using Carol Bacchi's ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be' (2009) approach to policy analysis, the aim of this dissertation is to deconstruct the Western Cape's political problematisation and representation of the ‘problem' by analysing the Western Cape Provincial Policy response to the National Anti-Gangsterism Strategy. From a social constructivist angle, this dissertation presumes policy as prescriptive guidelines that dictate action. Further, the aim is to discover how the problem is understood and represented and thus analyse which discourses and material responses are generated and which are not. The findings confirm that there is a discrepancy between what is articulated in policy and what actually happens on the ground, i.e. between discourse and practice. Moreover, it will be argued that sustained anti-gang intervention demand that structural obstacles and inequality in lieu of the spill over from the Apartheid era are addressed. Taking notice of these aspects, the minor dissertation concludes that it is critical to figure out how best to transform conflict conditions in areas with high levels of gang violence with the view to allowing both youth groups and individuals to exert agency and become empowered in pursuit of individual and community resilience.

Rape myths have several negative effects on society, and can affect those who come into contact with victims of sexual assault on a professional level. One group of professionals that assist victims are general medical practitioners and in a country like South Africa, that has a high rate of rape, it is not uncommon for general medical practitioners to find themselves assisting victims. Previous research has suggested that professionals who assist victims such as police officers and lawyers are susceptible to rape myth acceptance. In South Africa, research suggests that medical health professionals can have negative views of victims, depending on a number of factors such as the victim's behaviour and alcohol consumption. Presenting data collected using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS) from a sample of 44 general medical practitioners in South Africa, it was found that the participants had low levels of rape myth acceptance. The findings indicated that not only were rape myths not strong influences within the sample, myths that related to the concept of ‘real rape' were the least likely to be supported. Furthermore, additional questions in the survey revealed that general medical practitioners are not well-equipped to provide care to victims of sexual assault and more effort is needed with regards to service provision.

This dissertation explores how domestic workers within the Cape Town area access childcare. From this exploration, the argument that the state should provide childcare to mothers as a redress measure under s9(2) is developed. This argument is drawn from the proposition that universal access to childcare has the potential to reduce gender inequality by removing the care burden that women bear. By providing universal access to childcare, and thereby removing or reducing the care burden, women are better empowered to access income earning activity. This qualitative enquiry utilises a literature review and one-on-one interviews as modes of data collection. Eight interviews were conducted on the experiences of domestic workers. A feminist methodology was adopted in the collection and analysis of the data, which led to the finding that greater state intervention is needed into the lives of domestic workers so that they may realise substantive equality. This Constitutionally based legal analysis is used as a means of understanding social transformation through the experiences of the participant group.

There is a dearth of data or literature regarding frequent non-dependent drug use by well resourced, socially integrated South Africans. South African literature regarding drug use – which has primarily focused on dependent drug use accompanied by socio-economic or health crises – is thus incomplete. The purpose of this dissertation was primarily to investigate how well-resourced young adults in Cape Town, South Africa legitimise their illegal drug use habits – and the accompanying potential moral condemnation by society – within otherwise socially conforming lives. The first leg of the data collection process was an anonymous, self-administered survey, in which 84 young, well-resourced professionals or postgraduate students participated. The second leg of data collection involved semi-structured interviews with ten voluntary participants. A thematic approach was adopted in analysing the data. Three themes were identified. In the first – the ‘social life' framework – drug use was posited as playing an important role in enhancing social gatherings or larger social events, and thus being socially accommodated and normalised in certain social contexts. Narratives falling within the ‘relaxation' framework accounted primarily for habitual cannabis use, which was described as a valid way to unwind after a long day – much like alcohol. In both the first and second frameworks, control and responsibility were emphasised to justify drug use, thus drawing on a neo-liberal conception of the self as autonomous and self-controlled. Finally, the ‘psychedelic adventure' framework accounted for certain participants' infrequent and location-specific use of hallucinogenics. Although acknowledged to result in a loss of control, this form of drug use was seen as an escape from the rigours of daily life, in order to rejoin reality revitalised, and not as a departure from accepted social priorities. The findings of this study align with many modern theories of drug use; most notably normalisation. They further support a policy shift, from punishing drug use as a pathology, to a focus on harm reduction. However, more data and more multifaceted analyses are certainly required.

In recent years, Correctional Centre violence has been much debated. Although the literature on violence is well developed, little is known about the nature and extent of violence in South African Correctional Centres, despite widespread concern and speculation. Furthermore, it is unclear whether this particular context of violence is due to the often hostile environment of Correctional Centres, or due to violent nature of inmates held in custody. This research study aims to investigate Correctional Centre violence in a South African Correctional Centre, looking specifically at offender-on-offender assaults that occurred in Pollsmoor Medium B Correctional Centre, by looking at assault incident reports and investigations. Discourse and thematic analysis was applied to single out the nature and contexts of the assaults reported. It was found that the assaults usually took place in certain spaces and times, but also that perpetrators and victims of violence often shared various commonalities. Additionally, certain units seemed more prone to violence than others, related to the finding that there were definite indications of spaces controlled by inmates and spaces controlled by correctional Officers. The study concludes that violence in South African Correctional Centres cannot be seen isolated from the offender, the outside world and their backgrounds.

In a cyborg society where people exist both organically and via technology, sexual expression and interaction via technology has become 'normal'. The controversy surrounding sexting stems from contemporary literature and media portraying it as coercive, harmful and unacceptable, with particular reference to young females. Qualitative data on this phenomenon is extremely limited and biased, potentially resulting in unjust limitations and restrictions. This study investigates Millennial sexting behaviour by considering general and gendered perceptions of sexting to better understand the phenomenon; its risks, benefits, and the practice itself. An exploratory mixed methods study amongst university students (N = 579) revealed expected and unexpected findings. Respondents acknowledged sexting's risks, while the benefits of and motivations for sexting were emphasised with little evidence of negative pressure. It is argued that the benefits of sexting greatly outweigh the potential risks, but moreover, that sexting is a primarily feminist practice that holds much promise. The need for sextual education and awareness of sext-consent is examined, as theoretical and policy implications are discussed.

It is widely accepted that illicit markets are driven by specific contextual factors that determine their nature and scope. Two points in particular have not been explored in the literature on wildlife crime. First, while illicit markets around commodities such as drugs and weapons are fuelled by consumers arguably in need of, or addicted to, the product, the desires of buyers that shape wildlife markets are often shaped by cultural norms which may seem irrational to outsiders. Second, given that wildlife markets are seldom as stringently regulated as those in respect of drugs, weapons or other commodities, the nature of the criminal enterprises that source, move and sell the products are possibly very different. The study examines these two factors – the culture of markets and the degree of criminal enterprise or organisation within them – through a case study of a largely unexamined environmental crime market in South Africa, that of rare cycad plants. Cycads are widely exploited, moved and sold in the country by a network of increasingly criminalised operations. State action against these markets is not a priority and has had only few successes in limiting the trade of an increasingly scarce plant. A detailed examination of the market and its consumers suggests that it is strongly shaped by a particular South African culture which draws on (often mythical) connections to the land, including its fauna and flora. Ironically, those active in the market argue that their objective for doing so is conservation, even if illicit collections are the prime threat to the species. Although the academic and conservation community have attempted to develop and implement conservation tools and strategies, limited law enforcement and regulatory mechanisms have produced a flexible illicit market where a set of intermediaries play the key role. While the market shows signs of internal competition, it operates relatively openly, and does not display the levels of violence of other criminal markets in similar stages of development.

The purpose of this research is to examine the outer space governance regime and to identify key governance deficits which are arguably the main reason for the far-reaching proliferation of space debris in the outer space commons. To this end, the research initially inspects two of the existing global commons – the maritime and polar regions – their governing regimes, and the regulatory, legal, and political challenges encountered in each. The discussion on the connection between global governance deficits and the environmental tragedies within these domains aims to establish the conceptual foundation of this study. Based on this foundation, the research discusses legislative and regulatory dimensions of outer space governance and international responses to the challenges facing the outer space commons. It concludes with the examination of the space debris problem and potential policy responses to address this global environmental tragedy. In this regard, in the light of Ostrom’s design principles, an international treaty on space environment protection, a financial programme in managing the cost of debris removal programmes and maintenance of spatial resources, and an international space agency to coordinate these fields and provide substantial cooperation between space actors, are offered as fundamental steps to prevent the tragedy in outer space – the common heritage of mankind. Therefore, this research intends to contribute to the understanding of the space debris problem and its consequences for global welfare.

This minor dissertation examines the status quo of services provision by community based victim support services for male victims of sexual violence in South Africa. Given the scale of gender-based violence in South Africa it comes as no surprise that research and debates around sexual violence have predominately focused on women as victims and men as perpetrators. In this minor dissertation the neglect of men as potential and actual victims of sexual violence are problematized. In the discussion I explore the issues at stake, assess the status of male victims and investigate the kinds of services available to sexually violated men in the country. The research methods utilised include the following: a review of the international and national academic literature regarding male sexual victimisation; a review of relevant legislation and policies in South Africa; a review of media coverage on male rape and male sexual victimisation; content analysis of community based service providers' web sites and interviews with service providers. Despite the tendency to use gender neutral language in some official discourses (legislation, policy documents or service providers' official presentations and communications) to stipulate that everyone can be a victim of sexual violence irrespective of gender, male victims remain hidden from view. The interviews, however, showed a sound acknowledgement within the service providers that male sexual violence is a problem in the country that has to be taken seriously and acted upon. Services are available to men, but the design, delivery of services and training of professionals working with male victims differ from organisation to organisation. The visibility of those services, however, remains a question. By way of conclusion a list of recommendations for more effective service delivery to male victims of sexual violence is provided, which highlight the need for more 1) advocacy and awareness raising, 2) more evidence-based research, 3) funding), 4) training of professionals working with survivors of sexual violence and 5) cooperation between stakeholders.