While research on sexual violence, rape crisis centres and volunteers is extensive, there are very few empirical studies that draw specifically on the experiences of rape crisis volunteers. Instead, most of the literature pertaining to rape crisis work focuses on the efforts of social workers or other paid staff. When rape crisis volunteers are examined, the focus is primarily on the context through which their work is performed, for instance, how a rape crisis centre operates in relation to other community organizations (Campbell, 1998) or whether a specific rape crisis centre upholds feminist philosophies (Maier, 2008). Studies are also usually restricted to the negative effects of rape crisis work (for example, how rape crisis workers experience anxiety, social withdrawal and vicarious trauma) or focus on what sustains rape crisis workers while working in a stressful environment (Baird and Jenkins, 2003; Hellman and House, 2006; Thornton and Novak, 2010; Wasco and Campbell, 2002). Using the life history approach, this study builds on previous research and explores the experiences of volunteers at rape crisis centres across Ontario, Canada. In particular, the following issues were examined: motivations to volunteer, personal challenges and tensions, as well as challenges with respective centres. Findings indicate that all participants in the study have directly and/or indirectly experienced a range of different kinds of violence. Also, participants noted a range of complex and interconnected motivations for their initial and ongoing involvement in rape crisis work, most notably, self-healing. Finally, most participants expressed hesitancy towards identifying as feminists and did not associate feminism and the anti-violence movement as being strictly related to women. Theorizing the experiences of rape crisis volunteers through the lens of standpoint theory offers a new approach to knowledge construction in the area of rape crisis work and points towards the way that services, including training, can be improved for volunteers. Furthermore, the life history approach offers a unique way to understand the experiences of rape crisis volunteers in greater depth and breadth, since attention was placed on the volunteer process as well as other life experiences.

While research on sexual violence, rape crisis centres and volunteers is extensive, there are very few empirical studies that draw specifically on the experiences of rape crisis volunteers. Instead, most of the literature pertaining to rape crisis work focuses on the efforts of social workers or other paid staff. When rape crisis volunteers are examined, the focus is primarily on the context through which their work is performed, for instance, how a rape crisis centre operates in relation to other community organizations (Campbell, 1998) or whether a specific rape crisis centre upholds feminist philosophies (Maier, 2008). Studies are also usually restricted to the negative effects of rape crisis work (for example, how rape crisis workers experience anxiety, social withdrawal and vicarious trauma) or focus on what sustains rape crisis workers while working in a stressful environment (Baird and Jenkins, 2003; Hellman and House, 2006; Thornton and Novak, 2010; Wasco and Campbell, 2002). Using the life history approach, this study builds on previous research and explores the experiences of volunteers at rape crisis centres across Ontario, Canada. In particular, the following issues were examined: motivations to volunteer, personal challenges and tensions, as well as challenges with respective centres. Findings indicate that all participants in the study have directly and/or indirectly experienced a range of different kinds of violence. Also, participants noted a range of complex and interconnected motivations for their initial and ongoing involvement in rape crisis work, most notably, self-healing. Finally, most participants expressed hesitancy towards identifying as feminists and did not associate feminism and the anti-violence movement as being strictly related to women. Theorizing the experiences of rape crisis volunteers through the lens of standpoint theory offers a new approach to knowledge construction in the area of rape crisis work and points towards the way that services, including training, can be improved for volunteers. Furthermore, the life history approach offers a unique way to understand the experiences of rape crisis volunteers in greater depth and breadth, since attention was placed on the volunteer process as well as other life experiences.

O crescimento econômico brasileiro nas décadas de 60 e 70, sobretudo, levantava questões importantes referentes aos mecanismos nos quais se estabelecia a exploração da força do trabalho frente à modernização nacional e, por conseguinte, à consolidação de um padrão de acumulação urbano-industrial. Nessa direção, verificava-se a superexploração do trabalho como fundamental ao contexto do Milagre Econômico, assentado em relações de trabalho cuja especificidade estava no pagamento de um salário ao trabalhador que não correspondia às necessidades integrais para a sua reprodução. No interior deste debate, alcançavam-se os problemas da reprodução da força de trabalho que levava a cabo o processo econômico, dos quais se desdobram, nas grandes metrópoles brasileiras, principalmente, os termos da espoliação urbana. Diante deste quadro, a urbanização no Brasil, sobretudo a partir da dimensão que assumia o crescimento das periferias urbanas , foi compreendida como um momento deste processo, pois denotava uma modernização que, no limite, não apenas reproduzia os salários insuficientes dos trabalhadores e a carência por bens de consumo coletivos no âmbito de um diminuto salário indireto -, mas também os tinha como fundamento. Esta dissertação procura recuperar algumas questões deste debate acerca das periferias da superexploração do trabalho e tecer algumas considerações de modo a auxiliar na reflexão sobre a reprodução social contemporânea a partir da periferia de São Paulo. Para tanto, constitui nosso foco traçar uma interpretação a respeito da modernização brasileira, buscando seu fundamento na negatividade do trabalho. Nesta medida, não nos reservamos a negar a espoliação urbana como intrínseca à modernização nacional, mas sim a uma tentativa de deslocar os termos a que se refere, inserindo a sua razão de ser não em padrões distributivistas, mas como uma das formas de manifestação da crise do trabalho. O esforço, nesta direção, se fez com o resgate de alguns pontos do método e da teoria presente em obras de Lukács e Marx, além de alguns de seus interlocutores, o que nos permite reconhecer a pertinência da abstração valor como mediação não superada da sociedade capitalista. Pretende-se, assim, corroborar para uma análise que se permita trazer à discussão uma Comunidade da periferia de São Paulo a partir dos nexos sociais e dos processos fundamentais aos quais reporta. A Vila Nova Esperança, comunidade que trazemos à investigação nesta dissertação, situada na divisa entre os municípios de São Paulo e Taboão da Serra, se compõe de inúmeros processos que revelam, a partir de nossa interpretação, momentos capazes de descortinar o 10 sentido da reprodução social capitalista em sua universalidade, no âmago da modernização periférica. / The Brazilian economic growth in the 60s and 70s, especially, raised important questions regarding the mechanism which was established in the exploitation of the labor force opposite the national modernization and therefore the consolidation of a pattern of urban-industrial accumulation. In this direction, it turned the overexploitation of labor as the fundamental context of the Economic Miracle, seated in labor relations whose specificity was in payment of a salary to workers who did not meet the full requirements for their reproduction. Within this debate, reached up the problems of reproduction of the labor force that was pursuing the economic process, of which unfold in big Brazilian cities, especially the terms of urban dispossession. Given this framework, the peripheral urbanization in Brazil was a moment of this process understood as denoting a modernization that, in the end, not only reproduced the inadequate wages of workers and the lack of collective consumption goods - within a miniature indirect salary - but also was based. This dissertation seeks to recover some issues of this debate about the peripheries of the overexploitation of labor and some considerations to assist in reflecting on contemporary social reproduction from the outskirts of São Paulo. Therefore, our focus is to draw an interpretation regarding the Brazilian modernization, seeking its foundation in the work of negativity. To this extent, we reserve not to deny the urban dispossession as intrinsic to national modernization, but rather an attempt to shift the terms referred to by entering your reason for not being in distributive patterns, but as one of the manifestations of labor crisis. The effort in this direction was made with the rescue of some points of method and theory in the present works of Marx and Lukács, and some of its partners, which allows us to recognize the relevance of abstraction mediation unsurpassed value to society capitalist. The aim is thus to corroborate an analysis which allows to bring a community discussion on the outskirts of São Paulo from the social nexus of the fundamental processes and to whom reports. The Vila Nova Esperança, the research community to bring this dissertation, located on the border between the cities of São Paulo and Taboão da Serra, is composed of numerous processes that reveal, from our interpretation, moments can unveiling the meaning of social reproduction capitalist in its universality, in the essence of modernization peripheral.

O crescimento econômico brasileiro nas décadas de 60 e 70, sobretudo, levantava questões importantes referentes aos mecanismos nos quais se estabelecia a exploração da força do trabalho frente à modernização nacional e, por conseguinte, à consolidação de um padrão de acumulação urbano-industrial. Nessa direção, verificava-se a superexploração do trabalho como fundamental ao contexto do Milagre Econômico, assentado em relações de trabalho cuja especificidade estava no pagamento de um salário ao trabalhador que não correspondia às necessidades integrais para a sua reprodução. No interior deste debate, alcançavam-se os problemas da reprodução da força de trabalho que levava a cabo o processo econômico, dos quais se desdobram, nas grandes metrópoles brasileiras, principalmente, os termos da espoliação urbana. Diante deste quadro, a urbanização no Brasil, sobretudo a partir da dimensão que assumia o crescimento das periferias urbanas , foi compreendida como um momento deste processo, pois denotava uma modernização que, no limite, não apenas reproduzia os salários insuficientes dos trabalhadores e a carência por bens de consumo coletivos no âmbito de um diminuto salário indireto -, mas também os tinha como fundamento. Esta dissertação procura recuperar algumas questões deste debate acerca das periferias da superexploração do trabalho e tecer algumas considerações de modo a auxiliar na reflexão sobre a reprodução social contemporânea a partir da periferia de São Paulo. Para tanto, constitui nosso foco traçar uma interpretação a respeito da modernização brasileira, buscando seu fundamento na negatividade do trabalho. Nesta medida, não nos reservamos a negar a espoliação urbana como intrínseca à modernização nacional, mas sim a uma tentativa de deslocar os termos a que se refere, inserindo a sua razão de ser não em padrões distributivistas, mas como uma das formas de manifestação da crise do trabalho. O esforço, nesta direção, se fez com o resgate de alguns pontos do método e da teoria presente em obras de Lukács e Marx, além de alguns de seus interlocutores, o que nos permite reconhecer a pertinência da abstração valor como mediação não superada da sociedade capitalista. Pretende-se, assim, corroborar para uma análise que se permita trazer à discussão uma Comunidade da periferia de São Paulo a partir dos nexos sociais e dos processos fundamentais aos quais reporta. A Vila Nova Esperança, comunidade que trazemos à investigação nesta dissertação, situada na divisa entre os municípios de São Paulo e Taboão da Serra, se compõe de inúmeros processos que revelam, a partir de nossa interpretação, momentos capazes de descortinar o 10 sentido da reprodução social capitalista em sua universalidade, no âmago da modernização periférica. / The Brazilian economic growth in the 60s and 70s, especially, raised important questions regarding the mechanism which was established in the exploitation of the labor force opposite the national modernization and therefore the consolidation of a pattern of urban-industrial accumulation. In this direction, it turned the overexploitation of labor as the fundamental context of the Economic Miracle, seated in labor relations whose specificity was in payment of a salary to workers who did not meet the full requirements for their reproduction. Within this debate, reached up the problems of reproduction of the labor force that was pursuing the economic process, of which unfold in big Brazilian cities, especially the terms of urban dispossession. Given this framework, the peripheral urbanization in Brazil was a moment of this process understood as denoting a modernization that, in the end, not only reproduced the inadequate wages of workers and the lack of collective consumption goods - within a miniature indirect salary - but also was based. This dissertation seeks to recover some issues of this debate about the peripheries of the overexploitation of labor and some considerations to assist in reflecting on contemporary social reproduction from the outskirts of São Paulo. Therefore, our focus is to draw an interpretation regarding the Brazilian modernization, seeking its foundation in the work of negativity. To this extent, we reserve not to deny the urban dispossession as intrinsic to national modernization, but rather an attempt to shift the terms referred to by entering your reason for not being in distributive patterns, but as one of the manifestations of labor crisis. The effort in this direction was made with the rescue of some points of method and theory in the present works of Marx and Lukács, and some of its partners, which allows us to recognize the relevance of abstraction mediation unsurpassed value to society capitalist. The aim is thus to corroborate an analysis which allows to bring a community discussion on the outskirts of São Paulo from the social nexus of the fundamental processes and to whom reports. The Vila Nova Esperança, the research community to bring this dissertation, located on the border between the cities of São Paulo and Taboão da Serra, is composed of numerous processes that reveal, from our interpretation, moments can unveiling the meaning of social reproduction capitalist in its universality, in the essence of modernization peripheral.

Titel: Krisförebyggande arbete i sjukvården - En studie som belyser betydelsen av krisplaner och andra krisförberedelser för beslut om resursfördelningar i en krissituation orsakad av en extern händelse.    Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Elina Ylvenius och Torbjörn Olsson   Handledare: Emilia Kvarnström   Datum: 2021 - juni   Syfte: Att skapa en djupare förståelse för betydelsen av olika typer av krisförebyggande arbete inom sjukvården när det kommer till att fatta beslut under en pågående extern kris. Syftet är att öka vetskapen om betydelsen av krisberedskapsplaner samt andra krisförberedelser för sjukvårdarbetares beslutsfattande i en krissituation orsakad av en extern händelse.   Metod: Studien använder sig parallellt av två kvalitativa forskningsmetoder. Det empiriska materialet består av data från semistrukturerade intervjuer samt styrdokument. Intervjuerna är baserade på fyra delområden: Erfarenhet inom sjukvården, krishantering och krisberedskap, resursfördelning samt beslutsfattande. Informationen från styrdokument är hämtade ur regionala krisberedskapsplaner.    Resultat och slutsatser: Studien visar att krisberedskapsplanering i form av styrdokument inte fungerar i praktiken. Den indikerar även att uppfattningen om styrdokumentens betydelse varierar mellan olika positioner i sjukvården. Slutligen visar studien på vilka krisförberedande åtgärder som faktiskt upplevs fungera i praktiken.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Forskningen bidrar till en inblick i hur krishantering inom sjukvården fungerar i praktiken. Den bidrar till förståelse för sjukvårdsarbetares egna uppfattningar om olika krisberedskapsåtgärder. Uppsatsen visar hur erfarenhet och andra typer av krisförberedelse påverkar sjukvården under en extern kris.    Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Att ta reda på varför strukturen för krisberedskapsplanerna inte fungerar i praktiken inom sjukvården. Det känns högst aktuellt att försöka skapa en förståelse kring detta och skapa en bild av varför deras funktion brister när det kommer till att fungera som en del av sjukvårdens krishantering.   Nyckelord: Förvaltning, organisation, krishantering, förebyggande krisarbete, beslutsfattande, sjukvård, resursfördelning / Title: Crisis prevention work in health care - A study that highlights the importance of crisis plans and other crisis preparations for decisions on resource allocations in a crisis situation caused by an external incident.    Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Authors: Elina Ylvenius and Torbjörn Olsson   Supervisor: Emilia Kvarnström   Date: 2021 - June   Aim: To create a deeper understanding of the importance of different types of crisis prevention work in healthcare when it comes to making decisions during an ongoing external crisis. The purpose is to increase knowledge about the importance of crisis plans and other crisis preparations for healthcare workers' decision-making in a crisis situation caused by an external incident.   Method: The study uses two qualitative research methods in parallel. The empirical material consists of data from semi-structured interviews that are based on four sub-areas: Experience in healthcare, crisis management and crisis preparedness, resource allocation and decision-making. The empirical data is also based on policy documents such as regional crisis management plans.   Results and conclusions: The study shows that emergency preparedness planning in the form of control documents does not work in practice. It also shows that the control documents' perception varies between different positions in healthcare. Finally, the study shows which crisis preparation measures are actually perceived to work in practice.   Contribution of the thesis: The research contributes to an understanding of how crisis management in healthcare works in practice. It contributes to an understanding of healthcare workers’ own perceptions of various emergency preparedness measures. The essay shows how experience and other types of crisis preparation affect healthcare during an external crisis.   Suggestions for future research: To find out why the structure of the crisis prevention plans does not work in practice in healthcare. It feels highly relevant to try to create an understanding of this and create an image of why their function is lacking when it comes to functioning as part of healthcare's crisis management.   Key words: Management, organization, crisis management, preventive crisis work, decision-making, healthcare, resource allocation