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The purpose of the present study was to attempt to reconcile the seemingly overwhelming body of empirical evidence arguing for the preeminence of general cognitive ability in relation to specific abilities with the general resistance of the majority of Industrial-Organizational psychologists to such a position. The contention of the present study was that the primary evidence used to support the view that specific abilities are of little importance relative to general cognitive ability did not faithfully represent the classic selection model and was based on tenuous assumptions about the operationalizations of general and specific cognitive abilities. By virtue of being defined in un-interpretable terms with respect to content or function, prior operationalizations of specific abilities did not lend themselves to logical and theoretical relationships with job specific job performance. The general thesis of the present study was that if a "construct oriented approach" that is largely based on this classic selection model were implemented, a composite of psychologically interpretable job related specific abilities would prove equivalent or even superior to general cognitive ability in the prediction of job performance. Results suggest implementation of the construct oriented approach demonstrates potential for the value of this approach with respect to balancing criterion related validity and social equity. / Ph. D.

Multiple STATCOM units in proximity have been adopted in power transmission systems in order to obtain better voltage regulation and share burdens. Throughout stability assessment in this dissertation, it is shown, for the first time, that STATCOMs could interact with each other in a negative way in the small-signal sense due to their control, causing voltage instability, while loads and transmission lines showed small effects. Since this voltage stability problem is induced by STATCOMs, d-q frame impedance-based stability analysis was used, for the first time, to explore the inherent power system instability problem with presence of STATCOMs as it provides an accurate understanding of the root cause of instability within the STATCOM control system. This dissertation first proposes the impedance model in d-q frame for STATCOMs, including dynamics from synchronization, current and voltage loops and reveals the significant features compared to other types of grid-tied converters that 1) impedance matrix strongly coupled in d and q channel due to nearly zero power factor, 2) different behaviors of impedances at low frequency due to inversed direction of reactive power and 3) coupled small-signal propagation paths on the voltage at point of common coupling from synchronization and ac voltage regulation. Using the proposed impedance model, this dissertation identifies the frequency range of interactions in a viewpoint of d-q frame impedances and pinpointed that the ac voltage regulation was the main reason of instability, masking the effects of PLL in power transmission systems. Due to the high impedance of STATCOMs compared to that of transmission lines around the frequency range of interactions, STATCOMs were seen to interact with each other through the transmission lines. A scaled-down 2-STATCOM power grid was built to verify the conclusions experimentally. / Ph. D. / STATCOMs have been proven a type of effective power electronics device for reactive power compensations and people are trying to install multiple STATCOMs in proximity in power systems in order to have better performances. This dissertation, for the first time, evaluates the operation of multiple STATCOMs in proximity and finds out that they could interact with each other in a negative way in the small-signal sense due to their control, causing voltage instability, while loads and transmission lines showed small effects. Since this voltage stability problem is induced by STATCOMs, d-q frame impedance-based stability analysis was used, for the first time, to explore the inherent power system instability problem with presence of STATCOMs as it provides an accurate understanding of the root cause of instability within the STATCOM control system. To this end, an impedance model of STATCOMs is proposed, which accurately explains the terminal behaviors of STATCOMs. Using the model, this dissertation identifies the frequency range of interactions in a viewpoint of d-q frame impedances and pinpointed that the ac voltage regulation was the main reason of instability, masking the effects of PLL in power transmission systems. All the above is validated experimentally in a scaled-down 2-STATCOM power system.

O suprimento inadequado de nutrientes em pastagem influencia diretamente na produtividade da planta. A eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio (EUN) é definida como a quantidade em kg de MS produzida por kg de nitrogênio aplicado. A EUN é influenciada por fatores de temperatura e disponibilidade hídrica. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi definir critérios agroclimáticos para recomendação de épocas para adubação nitrogenada de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu na região de São Paulo. Com base na literatura foram definidas três classes de expectativa de resposta à adubação: alta, moderada e baixa. Estas classes foram relacionadas a critérios térmicos e hídrico, definidos a partir de dados de literatura e de modelagem matemática. O modelo APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simular) foi utilizado para estimar a eficiência de uso de N em quatro cidades do Estado de São Paulo com climas contrastantes. Em seguida, os dados foram relacionados à temperatura média diária e foram definidos os critérios térmicos relacionados à expectativa de resposta à adubação. A relação entre armazenamento relativo de água e produção relativa de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, obtida a partir de dados de literatura, foi utilizada para definição dos critérios hídricos. A adubação nitrogenada em cada período foi classificada em \"recomendada\" ou \"não recomendada\", a partir da combinação entre os critérios de disponibilidade de água e temperatura. Os dados de armazenamento relativo de água no solo e temperatura média de Itapetininga, São Carlos, São José do Rio Preto e Araçatuba foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os períodos nos quais havia probabilidade igual ou superior a 80% de ocorrer a condição \"recomendada\" foram considerados adequados para adubação nitrogenada. A expectativa de resposta à adubação foi considerada alta quando a temperatura média do período era superior a 21,6°C, moderada quando a temperatura média era entre 16,7 e 21,6°C e baixa quando a temperatura média era inferior a 16,7°C. Em relação ao critério hídrico, a expectativa de resposta à adubação foi considerada alta quando o armazenamento relativo de água era superior a 0,82, moderada entre 0,82 e 0,62 e baixa quando o armazenamento era inferior a 0,62. As épocas para adubação nitrogenada foram diferentes nas cidades em estudo devido a diferenças climáticas entre elas. De dezembro a março foram os meses recomendados para adubação em Araçatuba, outubro a fevereiro para Itapetininga. Em São José do Rio Preto a adubação nitrogenada deve ser recomendada a partir de dezembro. Entre março e abril, o risco associado ao critério hídrico é um pouco mais elevado, voltando a diminuir em maio. Entre junho e novembro a adubação nitrogenada não é recomendada em São José do Rio Preto. Em São Carlos a melhor época para adubação nitrogenada é de novembro a maio. Modelo APSIM não simulou adequadamente a produtividade de Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu, principalmente em sistema sem adição de nitrogênio. A definição de critério relacionados a temperatura e disponibilidade de água possibilitou a identificação de épocas para recomendação de adubação nitrogenada em função da expectativa de resposta de Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu visando as maiores eficiências de utilização de nitrogênio e sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção animal / Inadequate grazing nutrient supply directly influences plant productivity. The nitrogen utilization efficiency (EUN) is defined as the amount in kg of DM produced per kg of nitrogen applied. EUN is influenced by temperature factors and water availability. The general objective of the work was to define agroclimatic criteria for the recommendation of nitrogen fertilization periods of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the region of São Paulo. Based on the literature, three classes of expectation of response to fertilization were defined: high, moderate and low. These classes were related to thermal and water criteria, defined from literature data and mathematical modeling. The APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simulate) model was used to estimate the efficiency of N use in four cities of the State of São Paulo with contrasting climates. The data were then related to the average daily temperature and the thermal criteria related to the expected response to fertilization were defined. The relationship between relative water storage and relative yield of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, obtained from literature data, was used to define the water criteria. Nitrogen fertilization in each period was classified as \"recommended\" or \"not recommended\", based on the combination of water and temperature availability criteria. The data of relative water storage in the soil and average temperature of Itapetininga, São Carlos, São José do Rio Preto and Araçatuba were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. The periods in which there was a probability equal to or greater than 80% of the \"recommended\" condition were considered adequate for nitrogen fertilization. The expected response to fertilization was considered high when the mean temperature of the period was higher than 21.6°C, moderate when the average temperature was between 16.7 and 21.6°C and low when the average temperature was below 16.7°C. Regarding the water criterion, the expectation of response to fertilization was considered high when the relative water storage was higher than 0.82, moderate between 0.82 and 0.62 and low when storage was less than 0.62. The seasons for nitrogen fertilization were different in the cities under study due to climatic differences between them. From December to March were the months recommended for fertilization in Araçatuba, October to February for Itapetininga. In São José do Rio Preto nitrogen fertilization should be recommended as of December. Between March and April, the risk associated with the water criterion is slightly higher, decreasing again in May. Between June and November nitrogen fertilization is not recommended in São José do Rio Preto. In São Carlos, the best season for nitrogen fertilization is from November to May. Model APSIM did not adequately simulate the productivity of Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu, mainly in system without addition of nitrogen. The definition of criteria related to water temperature and availability made it possible to identify times for nitrogen fertilization recommendation as a function of the expected response of Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu aiming at greater nitrogen utilization and sustainability efficiencies of animal production systems.

O suprimento inadequado de nutrientes em pastagem influencia diretamente na produtividade da planta. A eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio (EUN) é definida como a quantidade em kg de MS produzida por kg de nitrogênio aplicado. A EUN é influenciada por fatores de temperatura e disponibilidade hídrica. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi definir critérios agroclimáticos para recomendação de épocas para adubação nitrogenada de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu na região de São Paulo. Com base na literatura foram definidas três classes de expectativa de resposta à adubação: alta, moderada e baixa. Estas classes foram relacionadas a critérios térmicos e hídrico, definidos a partir de dados de literatura e de modelagem matemática. O modelo APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simular) foi utilizado para estimar a eficiência de uso de N em quatro cidades do Estado de São Paulo com climas contrastantes. Em seguida, os dados foram relacionados à temperatura média diária e foram definidos os critérios térmicos relacionados à expectativa de resposta à adubação. A relação entre armazenamento relativo de água e produção relativa de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, obtida a partir de dados de literatura, foi utilizada para definição dos critérios hídricos. A adubação nitrogenada em cada período foi classificada em \"recomendada\" ou \"não recomendada\", a partir da combinação entre os critérios de disponibilidade de água e temperatura. Os dados de armazenamento relativo de água no solo e temperatura média de Itapetininga, São Carlos, São José do Rio Preto e Araçatuba foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os períodos nos quais havia probabilidade igual ou superior a 80% de ocorrer a condição \"recomendada\" foram considerados adequados para adubação nitrogenada. A expectativa de resposta à adubação foi considerada alta quando a temperatura média do período era superior a 21,6°C, moderada quando a temperatura média era entre 16,7 e 21,6°C e baixa quando a temperatura média era inferior a 16,7°C. Em relação ao critério hídrico, a expectativa de resposta à adubação foi considerada alta quando o armazenamento relativo de água era superior a 0,82, moderada entre 0,82 e 0,62 e baixa quando o armazenamento era inferior a 0,62. As épocas para adubação nitrogenada foram diferentes nas cidades em estudo devido a diferenças climáticas entre elas. De dezembro a março foram os meses recomendados para adubação em Araçatuba, outubro a fevereiro para Itapetininga. Em São José do Rio Preto a adubação nitrogenada deve ser recomendada a partir de dezembro. Entre março e abril, o risco associado ao critério hídrico é um pouco mais elevado, voltando a diminuir em maio. Entre junho e novembro a adubação nitrogenada não é recomendada em São José do Rio Preto. Em São Carlos a melhor época para adubação nitrogenada é de novembro a maio. Modelo APSIM não simulou adequadamente a produtividade de Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu, principalmente em sistema sem adição de nitrogênio. A definição de critério relacionados a temperatura e disponibilidade de água possibilitou a identificação de épocas para recomendação de adubação nitrogenada em função da expectativa de resposta de Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu visando as maiores eficiências de utilização de nitrogênio e sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção animal / Inadequate grazing nutrient supply directly influences plant productivity. The nitrogen utilization efficiency (EUN) is defined as the amount in kg of DM produced per kg of nitrogen applied. EUN is influenced by temperature factors and water availability. The general objective of the work was to define agroclimatic criteria for the recommendation of nitrogen fertilization periods of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the region of São Paulo. Based on the literature, three classes of expectation of response to fertilization were defined: high, moderate and low. These classes were related to thermal and water criteria, defined from literature data and mathematical modeling. The APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simulate) model was used to estimate the efficiency of N use in four cities of the State of São Paulo with contrasting climates. The data were then related to the average daily temperature and the thermal criteria related to the expected response to fertilization were defined. The relationship between relative water storage and relative yield of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, obtained from literature data, was used to define the water criteria. Nitrogen fertilization in each period was classified as \"recommended\" or \"not recommended\", based on the combination of water and temperature availability criteria. The data of relative water storage in the soil and average temperature of Itapetininga, São Carlos, São José do Rio Preto and Araçatuba were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. The periods in which there was a probability equal to or greater than 80% of the \"recommended\" condition were considered adequate for nitrogen fertilization. The expected response to fertilization was considered high when the mean temperature of the period was higher than 21.6°C, moderate when the average temperature was between 16.7 and 21.6°C and low when the average temperature was below 16.7°C. Regarding the water criterion, the expectation of response to fertilization was considered high when the relative water storage was higher than 0.82, moderate between 0.82 and 0.62 and low when storage was less than 0.62. The seasons for nitrogen fertilization were different in the cities under study due to climatic differences between them. From December to March were the months recommended for fertilization in Araçatuba, October to February for Itapetininga. In São José do Rio Preto nitrogen fertilization should be recommended as of December. Between March and April, the risk associated with the water criterion is slightly higher, decreasing again in May. Between June and November nitrogen fertilization is not recommended in São José do Rio Preto. In São Carlos, the best season for nitrogen fertilization is from November to May. Model APSIM did not adequately simulate the productivity of Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu, mainly in system without addition of nitrogen. The definition of criteria related to water temperature and availability made it possible to identify times for nitrogen fertilization recommendation as a function of the expected response of Urocloa brizantha cv. Marandu aiming at greater nitrogen utilization and sustainability efficiencies of animal production systems.