Orientador: Gilberto Figueiredo Martins / Banca: Penha Lucilda de Souza Silvestre / Banca: Sandra Aparecida Ferreira / Resumo: Este trabalho realiza uma leitura interpretativa das crônicas de Berna, escritas por Clarice Lispector e publicadas no Jornal do Brasil, entre 1967 e 1973, com destaque para os temas do exílio e da melancolia. Objetiva-se demonstrar como a produção literária da escritora está vinculada a sua própria experiência de deslocamento e segregação, representadas nos textos pelo recurso da ficcionalização de "enunciadores" que transitam em um estado subjetivo de melancolia e vazio, não se identificando com o espaço estrangeiro e com o outro que ali habita. A sustentação teórica acerca do conceito de recriação da experiência concentra-se em Garramuño (2012), a literatura de exílio encontra-se, sobretudo, em Nancy (1996) e Rouanet (2008), ao passo que o apoio para a discussão sobre a estética da melancolia veio principalmente de Freud (2011), Hassoun (2002) e Lambotte (2000). Nas crônicas, a autora explora a percepção do espaço público urbano, oferecendo um olhar que capta o cotidiano e o representa em um misto de "crônica de viagem" com "reflexão lírica". A intenção é apresentar aspectos do projeto literário de Clarice Lispector, mobilizados na criação das crônicas de Berna, as quais podem ser lidas individualmente, mas também em conjunto, como se constituíssem um único texto. Desenvolve-se, então, um processo de busca de indícios para a recriação da tessitura literária da obra, por meio da análise das crônicas e da recorrência destas no romance A cidade sitiada, atentando, inclusive, para a preocupação recorrente da escritora em retornar ao texto já publicado para ressignificá-lo e reconstruí-lo, desenvolvendo assim uma escrita em Palimpsesto / Abstract: This work undertakes an interpretative reading of The Chronicle of Bern written by Clarice Lispector and published in Jornal do Brasil between 1967 and 1973 highlighting the themes of exile and melancholy. It aims to demonstrate how the literary production of the writer is linked to her own experiences of displacement and segregation represented in the texts by the use of fictionalization of "enunciators" that transit in a subjective state of melancholy and emptiness and do not identify with the foreign space and the others who live there. The theoretical basis of the concept of recreating the experience focuses on Garramuño (2012), the exile literature can be found in Nancy (1996) and Rouanet (2008) whereas the support for the discussion of melancholy aesthetics came mainly from Freud (2011), Hassoun (2002) and Lambotte (2000).The writer explores the perception of urban public space in the chronicle offering a feeling that captures the everyday and represents it in a mixture of "trip chronicle" and "lyric reflection". The objctive is to present the aspects of Clarice Lispector's literary project mobilized in the creation of The Chronicle of Bern which can be individually read, but can also be read all together as if they were a single text. Then, it develops a process of searching for evidence for the recreation of the literary texture of the work through the chronicle analysis and the recurrence of these in the novel A Cidade Sitiada, paying attention to the concern of the writer to return to text that has been already published to give another meaning and rebuild it developing a written in Palimpsest / Mestre

M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. (African Languages) / Philosophical opinions on the status of proper names are widely divergent. They range from one extreme, expressed by Mills (1986:19), that proper names are mere labels which denote but do not connote, to the view that proper names are abbreviated or disguised definite descriptions. It is only comparatively recently that philosophers acknowledged the contribution that the discipline of linguistics could make toward the solution of this problem. Especially the realization that languages can be analysed as a rule-governed structure made a strong impact as we see in Searle (Annegarn, 1975:32) and later authors. Philosophers of an earlier period, the "ordinary language" philosophers, avoided any systematic theoretical concern. Searle (Annegarn, 1975: i), in particular, studied certain general features of language such as reference, truth, meaning and necessity by focusing attention on speech acts. But for the enigma of proper names he could do no better than taking up an intermediate position: proper names are logically connected with the object to which they refer "in a loose sort of way".

M.A. / The function of the Principles in the system rendered in W. B. Yeats’s A Vision (1937), like most aspects of the system, has received minimal critical and scholarly attention. The reason for this state of affairs is that most Yeats scholars prefer to avoid studying A Vision, for various reasons. The result of this is that little is known of the system. Certain scholars have argued that A Vision is a hoax and an incomprehensible work, which need not be elucidated. The spiritual origin and nature of A Vision are discouraging to critics and scholars, who prefer to interpret the poems that A Vision influenced without referring to the system. This dissertation viewed A Vision as a significant work within the general category of Yeats studies. The system of A Vision is not only useful to interpreting many poems, but is an extraordinary body of work that can be studied in isolation. There is a serious need to elucidate the system, in order to yield more knowledge on this significant aspect of the Yeats corpus. This research aimed at elucidating an important aspect of the system, the function of the Principles. A central premise of the system is that human beings can be classified according to twenty-eight typical incarnations. Every being is set to embody each incarnation. Reincarnation is then central to the system’s account of existence. The primary function of the Principles is to enable an individual being to incarnate, and to pass from one incarnation to the next. Essentially, the Principles are imperative to the system’s exposition on the cycle of reincarnation. To inform its exposition of the Principles, this study delved into the vast body of work produced by the psychical communications, which elucidated the system. These communications are referred to as the Automatic Script. George Mills Harper transcribed the Automatic Script, which was published in the four volumes of Yeats’s Vision Papers (1992). In essence, the Automatic Script is the spiritual and mystical origin of the system rendered in A Vision. For this reason, Yeats’s Vision Papers are crucial to a comprehensive exposition of the system. In addition, this study referred to many of Yeats’s essays on topics ranging from the “ultimate reality” to the Anima Mundi, from the process of symbolisation to the Daimon. Furthermore, various poems were employed to illustrate the importance of the system in interpreting Yeats’s poems. This study defined the state of existence in the transcendent realm, which is imperative to elucidating the function of the Principles in the system. The “ultimate reality” is the source of all incarnate spirits, for this reason it was necessary to describe what is known of this reality. Then the details of the process of incarnation were clarified. The Principles were defined and their functions in the process of incarnation were illustrated. In addition, this study discovered that the Principles do have an effect upon the incarnate being, even though they are passive in life. The function of the Principles during incarnation was elucidated in terms of relation between the Principles and the material Faculties, which are the mediators of the incarnate experience. Scholars who have read A Vision have met the geometry of the system with much aversion. The geometry has been described as flawed and inconsistent. Certain scholars have gone so far as to argue that A Vision makes more sense when the geometry is ignored. This dissertation illustrated that the geometry is imperative to elucidating the system. The geometry is not only necessary to clarifying the system, but aids any attempt to comprehend many aspects of A Vision. Lastly, this study illustrated the function of the Principles in death. The disincarnate states of the soul were explored to illustrate that the Principles define the states between incarnations. Through clarifying the process of death it is clear that, according to the system, existence is characterised by a perpetual return to its point of origin.

M.A. (English) / The broad scope of this dissertation is the collection, editing and publishing of Herman Charles Bosman’s juvenilia with the purpose of re-introducing these stories into the public domain. The project involves creating a critical edition of Bosman’s juvenilia through careful and diplomatic editorial processes. The resultant typescript is the first presentation of what is now posited as the entire collection of Herman Charles Bosman’s juvenilia. The project adds a total of seven previously un-credited stories to the already published collections of Bosman’s juvenilia. The dissertation extends into an in-depth analysis of what juvenilia is, and focuses on the problems relating to the delineation of works as juvenilia. Additionally, there is a discussion on the theory and practice of textual criticism, where a general background and overview of the history and practice of textual criticism is presented, including the textual history of Bosman’s juvenilia and the processes involved in the production of the critical edition. Beyond this, there is also a general analysis of Bosman’s juvenilia, focusing on themes, narrative modes and point of view, imagery and language.

D.Litt. et Phil. (English) / This study investigates George Eliot's approach to the existential dilemma of her times, the collision of the individual with the general. It takes into account the historical context in which political radicalism and religious controversy threatened the stability and continuity of the individual and of society. The novels fictionalize the philosophical ideas expressed in earlier writings in terms of the individual experience of the characters. Each of the eight chapters is devoted to one ofthe novels and is discussed in chronological order of publication. Reference is made to George Eliot's letters and essays where relevant. The affinities of George Eliot with Auguste Comte and with Wordsworth are also considered. The nature and extent of a protagonist's rebellion is defined as it appears in each specific novel. The forms of active and passive rebellion are diverse. An utterance, usually an extended speech act made in complete sincerity, is a visible sign of the shift of consciousness which occurs when the individual moves from a state of rebellion to one of continuity of being. The two main categories of utterance are those of confession and those of commitment. The continuity of being towards which the individual strives consists of a belief in the innate goodness of the individual and trust in another sympathetic human being to release the good. Chapter One, Scenes of Clerical Life and Chapter Two, Adam Bede, emphasize the ceI,ltral role of a confessional utterance in the attainment of coherence of self. Chapters Three to Six focus on the novels published between 1860 and 1866 that are marked by key utterances of commitment and belief, arising from a sympathetic feeling towards another person. In The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner and Romola, the pervasive Antigone theme is evaluated in which there is an opposition of two equally valid claims proposed by characters uttering contrary points of view in their expression of a rebellion against accepted norms. With the novel Felix Holt in Chapter Six, a political dimension appears and is further emphasized in the criticism of contemporary mores of the last two...

William Burroughs's profane life has been an affront to conventional morality, and his transgressive works have strained against the thematic and formal boundaries of literature. Although he has remained a problematic figure, he is gradually gaining recognition as a literary innovator. This thesis argues that his writings may be understood as technologies of the self, that is, the texts are tools that the writer Oses to transform himself. The Introduction outlines the problems that his writings pose for criticism; provides an overview of critical responses to his work; and demonstrates the appropriateness of Michel Foucault's theory of the technologies of the self as an approach to his texts. Furthermore, it makes a comparison between Burroughs's concerns and similar concerns evident in Foucault. The most prominent of these is a fear of control, and a desire to escape from control. It is argued that this similarity arises from the writers' shared experience of homosexuality in the twentieth century. This experience provokes them to undertake a·work of homographesis, in which they attempt to undermine the construction of identity in text, whilst simultaneously reinscribing identity in problematized autobiographical writing. Chapter One provides a corrective to the critical neglect of Burroughs's homosexuality and focuses on his sexual problematic as a key factor in the development of his literary style. It argues that the writer has an abject imagination that was precipitated by three principal traumatic experiences: his homosexuality, his addiction to opiates, and the accidental shooting of his wife. The chapter examines the way that the writer develops his unique literary style, the routine, in an attempt to express his psychic disintegration. The routine becomes the basic building block of Naked Lunch, serving both as a cathartic release of psychic anguish and as an attempt to subvert repressive social and linguistic structures. The metaphor of the anal aesthetic is introduced to describe the intersection of linguistic, psychic and political strategies in the texts. Chapter Two addresses the period,subsequent to Naked Lunch, in which Burroughs experimented extensively with the cut-up technique to develop a form of aleatory collage. The chapter argues that the writer hoped that the technique would enable him to transform himself and to~discover a new way of thinking, but suggests that its extreme nature both isolated him from his audience and intensified his psychic abjection. Chapter Three follows on from this to argue that the writer responds to the limitations of the cut-up in The Wild Boys by returning to a more intelligible form of writing. This return corresponds with an attempt to inscribe homosexual themes into his work directly. However, the combination of a homosexual agenda and the writer's defence against the identity loss of abjection leads him to assert a radical masculine identity that causes him to perceive women as the chief perpetrators of control. As a result, he rejects women from his mythological system. Chapter Four suggests that in Cities of the Red Night and The Place of Dead Roads the writer moves away from the radical queer agenda of The Wild Boys in the hope of discovering a form of ethics that avoids the traps of universalized humanism and the harsh "othering" of the queer agenda. The chapter draws a parallel between Burroughs's individualized ethics and Foucault's idea of an ethics grounded in aesthetic self-fashioning. Chapter Five examines The Western Lands, in which the writer confronts death in order to discover the nature of individual value in a normalized culture. Like Foucault, Burroughs believes that the most important task in a limited existence is the dandyistic creation of the self.

Chapter is an exploration of the meanings which may underly the title of this novel. I have tried initially to establish what kind of "expedition" is undertaken, and have come to the conclusion that "expedition" has a multidimensional meaning, that it implies a search, an expedition into different things: an expedition to the city of rose-quartz; the slave woman's expeditions from the baobab tree and back; an inner expedition to gain self-knowledge; an expedition into womanhood; an expedition into the history of Africa, into religion, into language. The second part of the chapter examines the nature of "baobab", since this tree, like the "Tree of Life", is regarded as one growing upside-down. It is this upside-down nature of the tree which led me to believe that many existing stereotypes and myths are turned upside-down in the novel: about slaves, about woman, language, the Afrikaans literary tradition, the "traditional" structure of the novel, culture transcending nature, the slave woman's language. In chapter 2 I have examined only one of these expeditions, viz. the slave woman's inner expeditions consisting of her experiences as a slave and her journeys of reminiscence. These journeys at the same time embrace all the other expeditions. Her inner expeditions are signified by a number of codes, which fulfil literally the function of processes of knowledge, of self- knowledge, as well as of systems in which meaning is contained. By undertaking this inner expedition, the woman gains greater clarity of vision concerning her own existence and the existence of man/woman in general. Chapter 3 deals mainly with the concept of possession/ownership, which results in two diametrically opposed groups: the owner class and the owned class. The peculiar institution of slavery has given rise to these two irreconcilable groups, and therefore a brief history of slavery is included in this chapter. The slave woman is initially one of the owned class, but through indoctrination, she too aspires to become a member of the owner class. In the second half of the chapter, then, the woman is discussed as owner. Her position becomes a reflection of the position of her owners, to illustrate the peculiarity of the capitalist system in which there will always be the rulers and the subjects, the oppressor and the oppressed, the owner and the owned.

This thesis investigates the narrative strategies of Jeanne Goosen, as employed in her short novel, Louoond. I regard this text as an excellent example of modern Afrikaans prose, and particular reference was made to her previous novel: Om 'n mens na te boots which indicates similarities to the text under scrutiny. Chapter One is a close reading of the first chapter of the novel, in order to identify certain prominent codes, and also to determine what the text itself prescribes. My presumption is that the text determines how it should be read, that no single, predetermined strategy can be rigidly applied to it. Thus I formulated my own individual possible reading from the first chapter, and I view it throughout as mere "speculation", since this possible reading remains only a possibility. Chapter Two contains the theoretical background that is necessary for a scientific study of this kind. I followed mainly the strategies of Roland Barthes and Jacques Derrida, who are pioneers in the post -modernistic theory. It was particularly important to investigate the role of the narrator: the narrator in Louoond presents herself as a writer, therefore it is the process that is paramount. In Chapter Three the code of writing, as identified in Chapter ʺOneʺ of Louoond, is followed closely throughout the text. In Louoond, which is metatextual, violence is textually inherent, and also part of the process of writing. This violence is definitely also part of the South African situation as it is signified in the novel. Throughout the narrator is in a state of tension about her own role in the ʺrevolutionʺ - in which also her own text is a revolution in language, but always within the NOW of South Africa. Chapter Four concerns itself mainly with the role of the woman as narrator, as muse, as primary protagonist. I discuss the code of woman in relation to prominent feminist writers, but it remains in context of the text. Each issue is in the first place determined by the text, the text therefore determines which feminist issues will be investigated. The South African situation, and specifically the Afrikaner situation, serves throughout as intertext for Louoond, as with the code of writing. Other intertextual references are important, because the text is never independent from anything outside itself, and could not exist in such independence. Music plays an important role, with Callas as muse and as fellow female artist, while George Sand functions as fellow writer. Woman, independent of man, is put forward as creator. In my reading, the text remains in the first place a fabrication/imitation of the South African reality, and the fInal scene reaffirms the ʺfinal catastropheʺ that is indicated in the motto as a ʺcondition of controlled hysteriaʺ

Elsschot word dikwels 'n siniese skrywer genoem. Alvorens die geldigheid, al dan nie, van hierdie stalling nagegaan word, volg 'n aantal definisies om te probeer bepaal wat sinisme is. Van Dale gee die volgende verklaring van die woord CYNISCH: "schaamteloos ongevoelig, een stuitend of pijnlijk ongeloof in het goede aan den dag leggende, niet gelovende aan oprechtheid of deugd bij de motieven en daden der mensen en dit met spottende lach of op scherpe,sarcastische wijze laten blijken". Intro., p. 1.