The effect of pre-harvest application of Extend®, a newly developed second generation harpin product, on shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce was investigated. The lettuces were grown in locations A: Watsonville, CA; B: Cedarville, NJ; and C: Yuma, AZ, and treated five days before harvest at 30, 60 and 90 ppm (2,4 and 6 oz/acre in 50 gal/acre). Lettuce processed and bagged was stored at 34-37°F and evaluated for quality for 20 days. Lettuce from trial A treated with 60-90 ppm harpin consistently had a better overall quality and lower microbial population than the control. Results from trial B showed no differences among treatments. In trial C, microbial population was lower and visual quality higher in lettuce treated at 60 ppm than the control during early stages of storage. Overall results are mixed but it was revealed that a field application of harpin can improve quality of fresh-cut lettuce under conditions that need to be determined.

In a continuing work, the effect of moisture conditions on yield and microbial quality of Iceberg lettuce was investigated. Iceberg lettuce cv. Sahara grown at the University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center was evaluated for yield, microbial population and postharvest quality either following different irrigation termination schedules or before/after a rainfall event. We report here microbial population data with treatments including early (16 days before harvest), middle (8 days before harvest) and late (4 days before harvest) irrigation termination. Lettuce receiving the last irrigation 4 days before harvest showed increased weight but had higher microbial population than other treatments. The effect of moisture prior to harvest on quality was further evaluated with lettuce harvested before and after a rainfall event. Increased aerobic bacteria population of over 1 log CFU/g for outer leaves and over 2 log CFU/g for head leaves was observed after rain. The results from this study suggest that managing moisture conditions at harvest is important to enhance quality of lettuce.

The effect of pre-harvest foliar application of calcium on yield and postharvest quality of whole and fresh-cut cantaloupe melons was investigated. The calcium product (Nutrical®) was applied five times before harvest to a melon field at 2 quarts/acre with a volume of 50 gallons/acre. The supplemented calcium increased by over 10% the weight of melons and increased external firmness at harvest but soluble solids was lower in treated melons than in the control. After 21 days of storage at 40 - 45 °F however, there was not difference in quality factors. Melons were processed in cubes and packaged in plastic lidded containers. The overall quality of calcium treated cubes was better after 5 and 10 days of storage. Juice leakage was also higher in the control than in the treated fruits after 5 days. After 10 days the L* values were lower in the control than in the treated fruits indicating that the tissue was darker in the control, which was an indicative of more water soaked tissue. In further trials conducted the following Spring the results obtained at harvest showed differences only in weight of melons that underwent water stress. The overall results in different experiments in the Yuma area indicate that application of foliar calcium can increase yield of melon crops, notably, when the plants undergo environmental stress.

AuxiGro® WP was applied to three cantaloupe fields in the Palo Verde Valley of far eastern California in the spring of 2004. One field utilized evaluated high rates (3.4x higher than other fields for each rate) of AuxiGro® WP for the purposes of phytotoxicity observations, while either a single application or two applications of varying rates of AuxiGro® WP were applied in the other two fields respectively. No visual symptoms of phytotoxicity were noted for AuxiGro® WP in any of the fields where applied, including two honeydew fields in the fall of 2003. Applications of any rate of AuxiGro® WP did not result in a statistical increase in numbers of melons from either a single or a double application on either variety (Ranger, Topmark respectively) used for yield data in this experiment. Data indicated that statistical differences existed for some melon parameters between treatments means in the hybrid variety (Ranger) but these statistical differences were not present for most fruit parameters in the open pollinated variety (Topmark), although some of the same trends were noted. These differences may be due to differing lengths of time from application to harvest. Of only the four rates of AuxiGro® WP evaluated, the heaviest melons were noted in the 4 oz./acre rate followed by the 8 oz./acre rate in both cantaloupe varieties, with this rate resulting in slightly heavier cantaloupes than the untreated check in both varieties. The one oz./acre rate of AuxiGro® WP also resulted in slightly shorter and lighter melons for both varieties than did application of only Solar™, but brix was numerically higher for this rate of AuxiGro® WP than for the Solar™ treatment. The two lowest mean brix were noted from in both cantaloupe varieties treated by Solar™ treatment alone and the 4 oz./acre rate of AuxiGro® WP + CalMax treatment, with these means being statistically less than the untreated check in 'Ranger' cantaloupes. CalMax by itself resulted in slightly smaller melons than the untreated check in both melon varieties. The AuxiGro® WP + CalMax treatment resulted in the largest melons (both longest and widest) of any treatment in the 'Ranger' cantaloupe field, with the difference in length being statistically greater than CalMax alone. Although larger melons would normally be thought to ripen earlier and therefore have higher brix readings, usage of AuxiGro® WP in combination with CalMax is thought to reduce stress as plants are still quite actively growing, hence the lower brix readings.

No description available.

This work investigates the application of new sensors to enable agronomists and farm managers to make decisions for variable treatment strategies at key crop growth stages. This is needed to improve the efficiency of crop production in the context of precision farming. Two non-invasive sensors were selected for investigation. These were: 1) The MGD-1 ion mobility gas detector made by Environics OY, Finland. 2) The EM38 electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor made by Geonics Inc., Canada. The gas detector was used to determine residual nitrogen and to measure carbon dioxide gas as a surrogate indicator of soil quality. In the latter, increased microbial carbon dioxide production was expected on soils with high organic matter content. Overall, the results of gas detection were disappointing. The main problems inherent in the system were; lack of control of the gas sampling, insufficient machine resolution and cross contamination. This led to the decision to discontinue the gas detection research. Instead, the application of electromagnetic induction (EMI) to measure soil variation was investigated. There were two principle advances in the research. Firstly the application of EMI to the rapid assessment of soil textural class. Secondly the mapping of available water content in the soil profile. These were achieved through the development of a new calibration procedure based on EMI survey of the sites at field capacity, working with field experiments from five sites over two years. Maps of total available water holding capacity were produced. These were correlated with yield maps from wet and dry seasons and used to explain some of the seasonal influences on the spatial variation in yield. A product development strategy for a new EMI sensor was considered which produced a recommendation to design a new EMI sensor specifically for available water content and soil texture mapping, that could be mounted on a tractor. For the first time, this procedure enables routine monitoring of the spatial variation in available water content. This enables the effects of seasonal and spatial variation to be included in crop models, targeted irrigation and to aid decisions for the variable application of inputs.

No description available.

Thesis--Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. / Bibliography: leaves 143-146.

Production functions were generated for dry matter and grain yields of corn, A continuous variable plot design replicated four times was established in the spring of 1974 in Vernal, Utah. Each replication included ten salt treatments and twenty irrigation levels. The salt treatments resulted in an average root zone salinity ranging from 2 . 7 to 14.9 mmho s/cm. Irrigation levels ranged from 4.2 to 45.0cm of water applied. Dry matter (Kg/ha) yield showed an 83 percent reduction over the range of salt applied and a 52 percent reduction over the range of water applied. Grain yield declined 96 and 64 percent over the range of salt and water applied, respectively . Salinity sensors produced results corresponding closely to measurements taken from the saturation extract of soil samples . Thermocouple psychrometers and a four probe resistivity meter produced results inconsistant with those of the soil samples.

In Lombok (Indonesia), annual cropping patterns in irrigated areas are divided into three cropping cycles of four months each. In better irrigation schemes, there are normally two irrigated flooded-rice crops, i.e. wet season and dry season lowland rice crops in sequence, followed by one non-rice crop cycle during the driest months (this is referred to as the twice-rice system). In less developed irrigation schemes, one lowland rice crop is normally grown during the rainy season, followed during the driest months by two cycles of non-rice crops, or a non-rice crop and a fallow (this is referred to as the once-rice system). In rainfed areas, especially in the vertisol soil areas, there are upland rice systems in the highland or hillsides, and “Gora” (dry seeded-flooded) rice systems in the lowland. In this area, rice is grown only once a year during the rainy season of the monsoon. Farmers in Lombok do not normally fertilise the non-rice crops such as soybean and mungbean grown following rice, and application rates of fertiliser to rice have fallen since the economic crisis in 1998. Therefore phosphorus (P) deficiency may be expected, which may explain the very low yields of soybean and mungbean achieved by farmers in Lombok. With low P, arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) might be expected to play an important role in plant nutrition, but inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased root colonisation and yield of these crops in a recent field experiment in Lombok. There had been no survey of AMF populations in rice-based systems in Lombok prior to the work reported here, and little such work anywhere internationally. Therefore, an extensive survey was conducted in Lombok on the two main soil types with rice-based systems. Another field survey was conducted in the Riverina rice-growing area (Australia), as a comparative study to the Lombok survey. In Lombok, rice systems with longer total annual flooding duration had lower populations compared with upland or Gora rice systems. It was therefore suggested that the lower colonisation level in flooded rice was due to the flooded conditions, as well as soil chemical properties associated with flooded conditions, rather than the rice plant itself. There are options for improving AMF population for better growth of non-rice rotation crops, or even for rice crop in Lombok as fertilisers become less affordable and their use on flooded rice is declining. The easiest option is to inoculate AM fungi in the nursery or to make nursery beds in a paddock previously cropped with AMF-stimulating species, such as soybean, to start infection on rice seedlings, which should be better with a dry nursery. The second option is to modify the technique of growing rice, such as applying the SRI (System of Rice Intensification) principles, in which rice is grown without flooded conditions but intermittent short flooded and upland conditions. This will keep the soil in an aerobic condition much of the time and should facilitate the development of beneficial microbial populations and activities in the soil, such as AMF and nitrogen fixers. The SRI method has been reported to increase rice yield dramatically, even in soil with low fertility levels. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)