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Attachment theory addresses the young child’s biological and psychological need to elicit their mother’s protection and care, and seeks to explain the emotional bond that forms between them in the early years of life. Several researchers have pointed out that the Western concept of attachment might be less relevant for Japanese parent-child dyads because Japanese child-rearing ideals are based on the concept of ‘amae’ (emotional one-ness between mother and child), whereas attachment theory emphasises the link between attachment and independence/autonomy. Research to date, however, has not yet directly addressed the possible association between maternal amae attitudes and attachment patterns in Japanese mother-child dyads. This is, in part, due to the current lack of any assessment tool to measure mothers’ responses to their child’s amae behaviours. Japanese attachment patterns have also not yet been investigated using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST: Green et al., 2000), a doll-play attachment measurement for children aged between 4 and 8 years old which has been used in Western contexts. This doctoral thesis consists of three cross-cultural empirical studies which address this gap in the current literature. In the first study, a 39-item prototype amae attitude scale (AAS) was constructed based on responses from Japanese focus groups and an earlier study of amae behaviours (Vereijken et al., 1997). The scale was subsequently completed by Japanese and British mothers. Japanese mothers were found to be more tolerant in general than British mothers of their child’s amae behaviours, in all 4 sub-categories explored (pure, asking, frustrated, and anxious amae), with cultural differences most marked in maternal attitudes towards their children’s anxious-amae behaviour. The second study addressed two questions: whether attachment behaviours differ in Japanese and British 4-5 year olds (measured with the MCAST) and whether there is a relationship between children’s MCAST attachment classifications and maternal attitudes towards children’s amae behaviours (measured with the AAS) in Japanese and British dyads. Contrary to what has been found in some of the previous Japanese Strange Situation studies, the distribution of MCAST attachment classifications was similar in the two countries. As predicted from the results of study 1, the AAS scores of Japanese mothers also indicated that they were significantly more tolerant of their child’s amae behaviours than their British counterparts. This was true for both mothers of securely and insecurely attached children. A tendency for mothers of securely attached children to have less tolerant attitudes towards children’s amae behaviours than those of insecurely attached children was found in both countries. A cultural difference also emerged in the way children expressed the maternal needs of the child doll during the mildly stressful scenarios in the MCAST. The third study examined actual mother-child interaction in both countries, measuring the mother’s emotional availability to the child (using the Emotional Availability Scale: Biringen, 2000) and relating this to both maternal AAS and child MCAST data. The results showed that emotional availability scores and attachment classification patterns did not differ across cultures. Analysis of the home observations also indicated that children from both cultures who were classified as insecurely attached (ambivalent and disorganised type) in the MCAST tended to show more amae behaviours towards their mothers than children classified as securely attached. Together, these three studies suggest that children in both counties show similar attachment patterns and that it is not only Japanese children who express amae behaviours towards their mothers. In fact, amae relates to attachment security in both cultures, although the way it is expressed and maternal attitudes towards such behaviours differ across cultures.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The significance of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) in the outcome of military engagements makes its prediction an important problem in modern Electronic Warfare. The POFACETS program, previously developed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), uses the Physical Optics method to predict the RCS of complex targets, which are modeled with the use of triangular facets. The program has minimum computer resource requirements and provides convenient run-times. This thesis upgraded, enhanced and expanded the functionalities and capabilities of the POFACETS program. The new functionalities were implemented by upgrading the Graphical User Interface and model database, allowing the creation of models with an unlimited number of facets, providing capabilities for the automatic creation of models with standard geometric shapes, allowing the combination of existing target models, providing capabilities for sharing target models with commercial CAD programs, and creating new display formats for RCS results. The new computational capabilities include the development of a user- updateable database of materials and coatings that can be applied to models in one or multiple layers, and the computation of their effects on the models' RCS. Also implemented are the computations of the ground's effect on the RCS, and the exploitation of symmetry planes in models, in order to decrease run-time for RCS prediction. / Major, Hellenic Air Force

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited / Over the past few decades, advances in aeronautic and control technologies have established a new vision for future air transportation systems. NASA has initiated the motion with several programs supporting the "highway of the sky," a system of launch pads and air pathways enabling smaller and more easily piloted aircraft to travel the open space above instead of busy freeways and crowded city streets. Previous investigations into crossflow fan technology as a propulsion source have identified its potential for use in personal aircraft and vertical takeoff and landing applications. To further development, performance characteristics must be determined for the possible configurations and under variable conditions to understand factors critical to design. This experiment studied flow characteristics of a crossflow fan incorporating 30 blades of six inch length in a six inch diameter rotor. Comparison was made against the performance of a fan of similar design but one-fourth the length span previously tested. Results were plotted for various parameters along constant speed lines of operation and general trends were determined. These results were used to quantitatively deduce scaling relationships for this device. / US Navy (USN) author.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the scattering processes of K+ mesons with neutrons. In order to do such a study one must first make certain basic assumptions about the type of interaction involved and then proceed to calculate physically meaningful qualities which describe the processes. Thus, the problem is this: assuming the validity of Feynman's rules for these strongly interacting particles, calculate the differential and total scattering cross sections for the interaction of scalar K+ mesons and neutrons.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Yurii Maravin / In this thesis, the first measurement of Z(vv̄)[photon] cross section in pp collisions at [square root of]s = 7 TeV has been done using data collected by the CMS detector. The measured cross section is 21.3 ± 4.2 (stat.) ± 4.3 (syst.) ± 0.5 (lumi.) fb. This measurement is based on the observations of events with missing transverse energy in excess of 130 GeV and photon in the rapidity range [eta] < 1.44 of transverse momentum in excess of 145 GeV in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb⁻¹. This measured cross section is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of 21.9 ± 1.1 fb from BAUR. Further, neutral triple gauge couplings involving Z bosons and photons have been studied. No evidence for the presence of such couplings is observed and is in agreement with the predictions of the standard model. We set the most stringent limits to date on these triple gauge couplings.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine in Pharmaceutical Affairs Johannesburg, May 2012 / ABSTRACT Introduction Nosocomial infections which occur after 72 hours in hospitalised neonates cause morbidity and mortality particularly in very low birth weight neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Prolonged hospitalisation and use of sophisticated, expensive antibiotics lead to spiraling costs. Prevention of nosocomial infections are of the essence to contain expenditure and prevent life-threatening complications in vulnerable neonates. A prospective, descriptive study was undertaken to determine the cost of antibiotics used in the neonatal unit at Kalafong Hospital for nosocomial infections. Patients and Methods Neonates with nosocomial infections admitted consecutively to the neonatal unit were studied prospectively by documenting the birth weight, site of infection, pathogen, outcome, admission to the NICU and antibiotics administered. The cost related to antibiotic use was determined for each antibiotic, for individual neonates (expressed as the mean and standard deviation) and for the group as a whole. Results Over a period of seven months (1/1/2011 - 31/7/2011) 682 neonates with a mean birth weight of 2375g, ±868g were admitted to the neonatal unit for ~72 hours of whom 53/682 (7.8%) developed a nosocomial infection and of the 53 who developed a nosocomial infection, eight demised (15.1 %). Of the remaining 629 neonates who did not develop a nosocomial infection, 15/629 (2.4%) demised (p=0.7). Nosocomial infection occurred in 21/36 (58%) neonates <1 OOOg vs 22/646 (3.4%) ~1 OOOg (p<0.01 ).Of 199/682 neonates admitted to the NICU, 42/199 (21.1 %) developed a nosocomial infection vs 11/483 (2 .3%) not admitted to the NICU (p=<0.01 ). Of 22 pathogens cultured from blood, coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus was the most common (7/22). The total cost of second line antimicrobials (meropenem, vancomycin and fluconazole) for the study period of seven months was R27 032.00 of which an amount of R1 0 321.00 was spent on neonates weighing <1000g. The mean cost per neonate was R563.77±283 for meropenem (n=51), R70.23±32 for vancomycin (n=5) and R78.66±53 for fluconazole (n=6) of which drug wastage comprised at least 50% in each instance. Conclusions Extremely low birth weight ( <1 OOOg) and admission to the NICU place neonates at risk of nosocomial infection at Kalafong Hospital. Meropenem was the most commonly used second line) antibiotic followed by vancomycin and fluconazole. Pharmaceutical curtailment of expenditure generated by nosocomial infections should be addressed by the manufacture of vials with a lower concentration of drug for neonates to minimise wastage.