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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

DNP/solid state NMR probehead for the investigation of oriented membranes / Sonde DNP/RMN du solide pour l'étude des protéines membranaires

Sarrouj, Hiba 09 January 2014 (has links)
Les protéines membranaires en hélices alpha forment le tiers des protéines codées par notre génome. D’autres protéines membranaires sont formées typiquement de feuillets bêta. Leur fonction varie de la formation de pores, la transmission de signaux à l’activité antibiotique. Elles sont aussi capables de transporter de larges cargos comme les protéines ou les acides nucléiques au travers de la membrane. Récemment, les peptides ont émergé comme un moyen prometteur pour le transport de médicaments vers leurs cibles.Les protéines membranaires peuvent être synthétisées chimiquement ou exprimées et marquées isotopiquement dans les bactéries, isolées, purifiées et reconstituées dans les bicouches lipidiques hydratées. Elles présentent une variété de configurations en interagissant avec ces bicouches lipidiques. Ceci dépend de la composition et de l’épaisseur de ces bicouches. L’orientation des bicouches lipidiques est maintenue mécaniquement en les disposant entre des plaques de verre. La RMN du solide des échantillons orientés est un des moyens possibles pour accéder à la topologie des peptides associés à des membranes phospholipidiques. Les échantillons sont difficiles à exprimer dans les bactéries en grande quantités et possède une solubilité réduite en dehors des membranes. En outre leur taille est trop importante pour la RMN du liquide et il est difficile de les cristalliser. Un des inconvénients majeur de la spectroscopie RMN est sa faible sensibilité. Cela résulte du faible moment magnétique nucléaire qui résulte en un décalage Zeeman faible et donc une polarisation réduite. Par ailleurs, l’intensité du signal RMN dépend de plusieurs facteurs comme la quantité d’échantillon la polarisation et le champ magnétique B0. Et le temps d’acquisition de certaines expériences peut être très long. Le but de ce projet est d’obtenir plus de signal des protéines membranaires. Dès lors, nous avons développé une cryosonde DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization) / RMN du solide. La DNP est une technique ingénieuse qui est utilisée pour le transfert de polarisation des noyaux hautement polarisés à des noyaux moins polarisés par irradiation microonde. Les microondes vont exister sélectivement les électrons qui transfèreront leur polarisation à l’ensemble des protons voisins, le signal proton peut ainsi être augmenté de 660 fois.Pour cela la cryosonde DNP RMN du solide qui opère à 100 K et 9,4 T a été utilisée. Une sonde est la pièce mécanique qui maintient l’échantillon dans le centre magnétique de l’aimant du spectromètre. C’est une antenne modulable qui irradie et détecte des champs radiofréquence. La pièce centrale de la sonde est une bobine solénoïdale ou une bobine en forme de selle enveloppant l’échantillon. La faisabilité de ces expériences DNP a été validée sur les échantillons orientés en rotation à l’angle magique. Ces expériences ont été menées sur des échantillons enroulés dans un rotor. Même si leur orientation par rapport au champ magnétique B0 est perdue, une valeur d’augmentation de 17 a été obtenue.[...] / Helical membrane proteins comprise one third of the expressed proteins encoded in a typical genome. Other membrane proteins are typically beta sheets. Their function varies from pore formation, signaling to antimicrobial activity. They are also capable of transporting large cargo such as proteins or nucleic acids across the cell membrane. Recently, peptides have emerged as promising tools in drug delivery. Membrane proteins can be synthesized chemically or expressed and isotopically labeled in bacteria, isolated, purified and reconstituted into fully hydrated lipid bilayers. The bilayer orientation is kept mechanically by putting them between glass plates. While interacting with these bilayers they exhibit a variety of configurations depending on the lipids composition and thickness. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) on oriented bilayers is one way to access the topology of peptides associated with phospholipid membranes. Oriented membrane protein are difficult to study with analytical techniques because of their poor solubility outside the lipid membrane, difficulty of expression in bacteria in big quantities, difficulty to crystallize, and they are too large for solution NMR study. The intensity of an NMR signal depends on several factors such as polarization P and magnetic field magnitude B0. One of the major drawbacks of NMR spectroscopy is low sensitivity. This is caused by the small magnetic moment of the nuclear spins which results in a modest Zeeman splitting of the nuclear spin energy levels and therefore in a limited Boltzmann Polarization. The aim of this project is to obtain a better signal from membrane proteins. Thus a Low temperature (LT) solid state NMR with Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) probe head was created. DNP is an ingenious technique that is used to transfer polarization from highly polarized targets to less polarized nuclei using microwave irradiation. Microwaves will excite selectively the electron spins which will transfer their polarization to the pool of proton nuclei, the proton NMR signal can be enhanced by 660 times. A probe head for DNP enhanced solid state NMR at 100 K and 9.4 T is described. A probe head includes the mechanical piece that holds the sample in the magnetic center of the NMR magnet. It is a tunable antenna that irradiates and detects the rf fields used in NMR. The centerpiece of the probe is the solenoidal or saddle coil surrounding the sample. The feasibility of such a DNP experiment is proven on magic angle oriented sample spinning. These experiments are conducted on oriented samples wrapped into a rotor. Through their orientation with regards to B0 is lost, enhancement values as high as 17 are obtained. [...]
2

Investigating sensitivity improvement methods for quadrupolar nuclei in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

Colaux, Henri January 2016 (has links)
The study of quadrupolar nuclei using NMR spectroscopy in the solid state significantly increased in popularity from the end of the 20th century, with the introduction of specific methods to acquire spectra free from the effects of the quadrupolar interaction, that results in broadened lineshapes that cannot be completely removed by spinning the sample at the magic angle (MAS), unlike most of the other interactions present in the solid state. The first technique which allows, without any specific hardware, the removal of this broadening has been the Multiple-Quantum MQMAS experiment. The method quickly gained a popularity within the NMR community, with numerous successful applications published. However, the multiple-quantum filtration step in this experiment relies on severely limits sensitivity, restricting application to the most sensitive nuclei. Extending the applicability of MQMAS to less receptive nuclei requires the use of signal improvement techniques. There are multiple examples of such approaches in the literature, but most of these require additional optimisation that may be time-consuming, or simply impossible, on less receptive nuclei. This work introduces a novel signal improvement technique for MQMAS, called FAM-N. Its optimisation is solely based on density matrix simulations using SIMPSON, implying no additional experimental optimisation is required, while improving the signal in MQMAS spectra by equivalent or higher amounts than other common methods. In order to prove the applicability of this method on virtually any system, FAM-N has been investigated by simulation, and tested experimentally using a number of model samples, as well as samples known to be challenging to study by NMR. This work also explores other aspects of NMR spectroscopy on quadrupolar nuclei. Adiabatic inversion of the satellite populations can be performed to improve the central transition signal in static or MAS spectra. A range of methods has been tested and compared, with particular attention given to hyperbolic secant-shaped pulses, for which its performance have been described. Finally, cross-polarisation from a spin I = 1/2 nucleus to a quadrupolar nucleus has been investigated. After reviewing the theory for the static case, simulations have been performed under MAS in order to identify the conditions for efficient magnetisation transfer, with applications in spectral editing or for the combination with MQMAS.

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