The purpose of this study was to investigate and report on college classroom leadership practices and gender, race, age, and gender role orientation using the Student-Leadership Practice Inventory and the Bern Sex-Role Inventory. This study also collected data from five reflective statements. The study used three survey instruments. The respondents were college students attending a two year postsecondary institution in Indiana.The primary research question related to college students' leadership practices in the college classroom. A random sample of 13 courses were identified from the 800 courses offered for the Spring 1995 term. The total number of respondents was 187, 78 were female, 109 were male, 141 were European American, and 37 were African American. The age demographics were 30 under 20 years, 70 between 21-29, 50 between 30-39, 28 between 40-49, and 9 were over 50.The major findings of the study were as follows:1. Both male and female students most often used theleadership practice of Enabling Others to Act.2. The leadership practice of Enabling Others to Act wasdominant in all age groups.3. Both African American and European American respondents used the leadership practice of Enabling Others to Act. 4. Respondents who identified either masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated gender role orientation used the leadership practice of Enabling Others to Act.5. Approximately half(52 percent) of the respondents strongly agreed or agreed they did not see themselves as a leader in the classroom, 78 percent agreed or strongly agreed that completing the Student-Leadership Practice Inventory helped them to think of themselves as a leader, and 77 percent strongly agreed or agreed that they will be more aware of their leader behavior having completed the S-LPI.Results of this study indicate that the leadership practice of Enabling Others to Act was the most developed leadership behavior for these college students in these classrooms and that completing the S-LPI caused students to reflect on their leadership. / Department of Educational Leadership

Many researchers have suggested that facial expressions are universal. However, others hold a more nuanced view: That despite universal similarities, facial expressions are culture-specific. In the current study, facial expressions of an Asian American and an Asian national were studied using scenes from two television dramas from the United States and Japan. Similarities and differences were found between the facial expressions of the two characters. The existence of similarities supports the basic universality of facial expressions, while differences were found which support the perspective that facial expressions are culture-specific. These differences were primarily in the relationships between the intensity levels of the external expressions and the internal experiences of the two people. The findings indicate that even when people share basic facial features, the ways they express their emotions differ according to the cultures in which they grew up. / Department of Speech Communication

This study investigated the ability of U.S. counseling psychology and Japanese clinical psychology trainees to recognize facially expressed emotions. Sixty U.S. counseling psychology students and 60 Japanese clinical psychology students viewed photographs of U.S.-Caucasian and Japanese individuals expressing seven basic emotions: anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Participants completed a survey that assessed their ability to recognize emotions and their intensity ratings of these emotions. Two four-way mixed factors ANOVAs were performed to examine the effects of participant nationality, participant gender, poser nationality, and poser gender on emotion recognition accuracy scores and emotion intensity ratings. A significant three-way interaction effect for participant nationality, poser nationality, and poser gender on accuracy scores was discovered. Two significant interaction effects for intensity ratings involving poser nationality and participant nationality, and poser gender and participant nationality were also found. Results are discussed in light of prior research on emotion recognition and intensity ratings. Implications for counseling psychology and future research investigations are also presented. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Graduate

This qualitative study explores the life history of four immigrants from diverse cultures, who have effectively navigated cultural differences and attained high-level leadership positions in Canada. The leaders’ life stories highlight key experiences that have influenced their identities, that is, the distinctive characteristics that are the source of their individual self definition and self-respect. The purpose of the study is to understand how social identity influences immigrants’ sense of personal agency and their capacity to shape individual potentialities into personal abilities. The study is situated in the leadership field within the multicultural Canadian context. It is grounded in my personal experiences as an Iranian-Canadian immigrant and guided by multidisciplinary literature on leadership, culture, identity, and motivation. Globalization, economic interdependence, and growing cross-national mobility have changed the face of the Canadian multicultural society. The clash of world-views, values, and life styles have become unavoidable, with arguably all Canadians experiencing the feeling of being “other” in their interactions with members of other cultures. Within the new Canadian mosaic, cultural consciousness is on the rise leading to increasing ethnic distinctiveness. It has become a factor distinguishing individuals by their differences as well as grouping them together by their similarities. Living in a multicultural environment as an immigrant has implications on issues of identity, but these implications have not yet been thoroughly explored. Much of existing cultural research is based on national orientation and contentious dualism (e.g., individualism and collectivism). But, cultures are dynamic and diverse. Understanding cultural constructs at the individual rather than the national level demonstrates the complexity and variability of individuals in the exercise of personal agency and the construction of identity. Through sharing and understanding the experience of four immigrants in leadership positions across diverse organizations, researchers may learn about immigrant challenges and ways these four individuals reconcile differences and conflicting cultural values. The resulting practical implication is (a) increased self and social awareness for immigrants with high potential for leadership, (b) enhanced multicultural knowledge for current organizational leaders, and (c) improved interpersonal relationships within a broad multicultural community.

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In cross-cultural studies, respondents from specific cultures may have different product preferences and scale usage. Combining data from different cultures will result in departures from the basic assumptions of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and loss of power in testing capability of finding product and culture differences. However, the result of violations on power of ANOVA is unknown by sensory researchers. The objectives of this research were by simulating consumer product evaluation data, to evaluate the robustness and testing power of ANOVA under different cross-cultural situations. The study was conducted in two parts. First, an Empirical Logit simulation model was employed for generating sensory data. This model included respondent, product, consumer segment and product by segment interaction effects. Four underlying distributions: Binomial, Beta-Binomial, Hypergeometric, and Beta-Hypergeometric were used to increase or decrease the dispersion of the responses. Alternatively, instead of using these four distributions, the same applications were achieved by a binning step. The entire simulation procedure including the Empirical Logit model and the binning step was called Discrete Empirical Logit model. In the second part of the study, the Discrete Empirical Logit model was chosen to generate specified data sets under six different cross-cultural cases. After analyzing these data sets by ANOVA reduced and full models, the empirical power of ANOVA under different cases was calculated and compared. The results showed that both Beta-Hypergeometric and Discrete Empirical Logit were flexible on simulating sensory responses, but the Discrete Empirical Logit was relatively simple to use. Comparing with the ANOVA reduced model, the full model gave better information on evaluating the case that segments differ in product preferences. This suggested segmentation was very important in cross-cultural data analysis. Under the situations that sample sizes were equal and respondents performed consistently within segment (MSE ≈ 1), ANOVA was very robust to different scale usage, losing at worst 18% in power. From the scope of this study, we recommend using the ANOVA full model in the cross-cultural research. Results from different cultures could be combined when consistency within segments was high. / Graduation date: 2003

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-158). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xii, 158 leaves, bound ill. (one col.) 29 cm

In order to successfully implement service internationalisation, a detailed knowledge of the target foreign culture is required (e.g., beliefs, values, lifestyles, symbols, psycholinguistics, and attitudes). This information may be used to manage the alignment of service offerings with local tastes, and create perceptual stimuli to foster trust and encourage consumption (Fugate 1996). Credible tools are therefore required to provide the market intelligence required to understand the cultural context and inform adaptation to local preferences. Service quality modelling and measurement perform such a role in reporting customer perceptions of the effectiveness of service marketing effort. However consideration of culture�s influence upon service quality evaluation has hitherto received only periphery attention within the literature. While numerous researchers have examined the role that values play as an antecedent of the service quality construct (e.g., Donthu and Yoo 1998; Furrer et al. 2000; Mattila 1999; Winsted 1997) there are no published studies adopting a more comprehensive view of culture�s role. The widespread adoption of values as a proxy for understanding culture�s influence upon the service quality construct appears flawed as there is no theoretical justification to isolate values from the rest of the cultural field (Bourdieu 1990; Radcliffe-Brown 1949). Values alone, such as Hofstede (1984a) and Schwartz and Bilsky�s (1987) schemas, cannot fully explain how individual consumers reconcile their individual preferences with broader cultural influences (e.g., institutions, beliefs, regulations, and artefacts). In this study Bourdieu�s (1986) structuralist perspective of culture is utilised as a framework to explore how culture influences service quality. In this perspective the social world is viewed as being comprised of rules and systems that guide/inform an individual�s behaviour. Values are only one element of this social system. In this study a case approach is adopted to map the role of culture in constructing service quality preferences. While the breadth of the research agenda means there is a large population of possible cases, Taiwan is selected as the case boundary principally due its logistical accessibility. Case selection in this study can therefore be classified as a convenience sample. However, to facilitate intensive study (Stake 2005) complexity is added to the case design through purposeful sampling (Patton 1990). In addition to seeking the perspectives of local Taiwanese outside perspectives are sought from expatriate New Zealanders and Taiwanese who have lived in New Zealand. Through purposive triangulation (Patton 1990) of both the sample underpinning the case and an interpretive multi-discipline analysis the researcher constructs a model of culture�s influence upon service quality evaluation within this case boundary. No evidence is found within either the primary data or critical literature review that Taiwanese culture has any impact upon the evaluation of service quality at the primary dimensional level (i.e., �Process/Outcome Quality�, and the �Personal Interaction Quality�). Indeed apriori modelling of the construct has similarly modelled how consumers separately evaluate interpersonal aspects from other key evaluative criteria (e.g., Dabholkar et al. 1996; Gronroos 1984). This level of the dimensional hierarchy is therefore tentatively determined to be etic (Pike 1967), subject to further cross-cultural studies. A moderate level of cultural influence was however noted amongst the second-order dimensions. Finally, the third and subsequent level indicators were widely found to display extensive cultural influence and require significant adaptation efforts for local cultural preferences.

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