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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Extension and subsidence of the continental lithosphere

White, N. J. January 1988 (has links)
The uniform stretching model successfully accounts for the general features of many extensional sedimentary basins. However, the amount of extension measured across normal faults in the upper crust is often thought to be significantly less than that calculated from subsidence analysis and crustal thinning. At present, more complicated models, which incorporate two-layer stretching, multiple stretching phases and flexural rigidity, are used to explain this extension discrepancy. The principal aim of this dissertation is to show that the extension discrepancy can be resolved in the northern North Sea without abandoning the uniform stretching model. Other observations are also explained by minor changes to the model. Basin evolution is addressed both on a small and on a large scale. A kinematic model for hanging wall deformation, which is assumed to occur by arbitrarily inclined simple shear and by differential compaction, is proposed. Fault geometries can be calculated from sedimentary horizons within hanging walls using an inversion scheme based on this model. Results suggest that hanging wall shear is inclined towards the main fault. This implies that the amount of extension across a fault is considerably greater than the apparent horizontal displacement. Syn-rift footwall uplift is explained by combining the simple domino-style fault model with the uniform stretching model. The 'steer's head' cross-sectional geometry of sedimentary basins is usually explained either by fluctuations in sea-level or by increasing flexural rigidity of the continental lithosphere during post-rift cooling. Here, a two-layer stretching model is proposed, where the lithospheric mantle is stretched over a fractionally wider region than is the crust. This accounts for the observed extent of post-rift stratigraphic onlap in the North Sea and does not alter conclusions concerning the extension discrepancy. The geometrical and thermal consequences of lithospheric simple shear are investigated using a numerical model. Results predict that, as for the uniform stretching model, crustal thinning is symmetrical about the basin. Maximum thinning is also coincident with maximum subsidence. However, the magnitude of post-rift subsidence varies across the basin, allowing the uniform stretching model and the lithospheric simple shear model to be distinguished. The different models described here have been applied to regional seismic reflection profiles and well-log information from the northern North Sea. On the best constrained profile, the extension measured across normal faults agrees well with that calculated by subsidence analysis. The major observations are thus consistent with the predictions of the uniform stretching model.
2

Role of hyperextension for the formation of rift systems and its implication for reactivation processes and orogen formation : the example of the Bay of Biscay and Pyrenees

Tugend, Julie 28 November 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Knowledge on lithosphere extensional mechanisms has greatly benefited from studies made both at presentday rifted margins and onshore fossil analogues. Nevertheless, the spatial and temporal evolution of the processes leading to continental break-up and oceanic crust formation remains poorly constrained. The Bay of Biscay and Pyrenees is used in this study as a natural laboratory to investigate the formation and reactivation of rift systems. A new offshore-onshore approach is developed and applied to identify, characterize and map the rift domains inherited from the Bay of Biscay opening and partly integrated into the Pyrenean orogen. This mapping reveals the complex architecture of European-Iberian plate boundary resulting from a strongly polyphased evolution. Several rift systems spatially distinct are preserved at different evolutionary stages. An important segmentation partially inherited from the pre-rift structuration controls the formation of the rift systems, an observation that has important implications for regional kinematic restorations. Several steps in compressional deformation can be distinguished and related to the rift inherited architecture. Reactivation is initiated in the exhumed mantle domain. Following the subduction of hyperthinned crust, continental collision processes are controlled by the proximal and necking domains acting as buttresses. These results emphasize the role of pre-rift inheritance for the spatial evolution of rift systems and the importance of the rift-related architecture to unravel the formation of collisional orogen.
3

Etude des conditions de formations du gisement de talc-chlorite de Trimouns (Ariège, France) / Conditions of formation of the Trimouns talc-chlorite deposit (Ariège, France)

Boutin, Alexandre 27 September 2016 (has links)
Le gisement de talc-chlorite de Trimouns est situé dans le massif nord-pyrénéen du Saint Barthélémy (Ariège, France). Il est l'objet d'une attention particulière pour ses ressources minérales exceptionnelles (tant par la qualité que l'abondance), et pour sa position stratégique dans l'histoire géologique des Pyrénées. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser les conditions de formation du gisement et de les intégrer dans le contexte géologique régional. Pour aborder cette problématique nous avons choisi trois grands axes d'étude : 1) au moyen de l'analyse cartographique et structurale, nous procédons à une description de la géométrie du gisement, et nous proposons une histoire des relations entre minéralisation et déformation ; 2) à l'aide d'analyses thermométriques via plusieurs méthodes, nous cherchons à définir quelle est l'histoire thermique enregistrée dans les différentes unités du gisement ; 3) avec des datations in situ sur un large panel de minéraux, nous positionnons des repères temporels sur plusieurs objets géologiques afin de dater le ou les épisodes minéralisateurs sur Trimouns. Les résultats obtenus expriment le caractère polyphasé du gisement, et ce pour les trois axes d'études suivis, déformation, thermicité et âge de la minéralisation. Les travaux sur les structures montrent que la minéralisation principale scelle une déformation probablement varisque, minéralisation qui se forme elle-même en contexte dynamique et qui est à son tour déformée. L'étude thermique met en évidence que la ou les minéralisations sont associées à un ou plusieurs événements froids, et qu'une empreinte thermique chaude est préservée dans les roches du toit et du mur du gisement. Les résultats géochronologiques montrent que la formation du talc et des chlorites à Trimouns est polyphasée et associée à une succession d'événements métasomatiques. L'Albien est l'évènement hydrothermal majeur mais des épisodes plus anciens sont enregistrés au Jurassique à Trimouns, voire au Permien dans d'autres gisements du massif et de l'ouest de la chaîne des Pyrénées. La synthèse de nos travaux nous permet de proposer un modèle de la formation du gisement de talc-chlorite de Trimouns. Ce modèle s'inscrit dans un contexte géodynamique extensif post-varisque que l'on peut mettre en relation avec les phénomènes extensifs pré-orogéniques pyrénéens du Crétacé (120-85 Ma). Ce contexte pré-orogénique est associé à l'exhumation du manteau, source probable du magnésium nécessaire à la formation du gisement. Nos travaux montrent également que le massif du Saint Barthélémy, et possiblement d'autres massifs nord pyrénéens semblables, ne sont pas des massifs "simplement" varisques mais qu'ils ont pu être profondément affectés par les évènements du cycle alpin. / The Trimouns talc-chlorite deposit is located in the north Pyrenean Saint Barthelemy massif (Ariège, France). This deposit is remarkable in its minerals' quality and quantity as well as for its strategic position in the Pyrenees geological history. This study aims at understanding the formation conditions of the talc-chlorite deposit and at integrating them in the alpine pre-orogenic context. To this, we focus on three main themes : 1) Using geological and structural mapping studies, we describe the rocks and their organization as to estimate how much variscan and alpine orogenies affected them. 2) With thermometric analyses using different methods, we seek to define what is the thermal history recorded in the different units of the deposit. 3) Using in-situ dating on a wide range of minerals, we locate temporal references on various geological objects to document hydrothermal events. Achieved results demonstrate the polyphase caracteristics of the deposit, in the three focal areas used : deformation, thermal approach, and geochronology. Structural analysis shows that the mineralisation seals an other deformation, probably of the variscan period. This mineralisation is also formed in a dynamic context and then deformed as well. The thermal study highlights that mineralizations are associated with one or more cold events, and a hot thermal foot-print is preserved in the footwall and the hanging wall of the deposit. Dating results show that the formation talc and chlorite in Trimouns is multiphase, associated with succession of metasomatic events. The Albian event is the major hydrothermal event but older episodes are recorded in Jurassic at Trimouns and in Permian in other fields on the west-ern Pyrenees. The synthesis of our works allows us to propose a model of the formation of the Trimouns talc-chlorite deposit. This model is part of a post-Variscan extensive geodynamic context that can be related to the Pyrenean extensive pre-orogenic phenomena during Cretaceous period (120-85 Ma). This pre-orogenic context is associated with mantle exhumation, likely source of magnesium necessary for the formation of talc. Our studies also show that the Saint Barthelemy massif and possibly other similar north Pyrenean massif are not "simply" Variscan but have been deeply affected by the events of the Alpine cycle.
4

Role of hyperextension for the formation of rift systems and its implication for reactivation processes and orogen formation : the example of the Bay of Biscay and Pyrenees / Rôle de l’hyper-extension lors de la formation de systèmes de rift et implication pour les processus de réactivation et de formation des orogènes : l’exemple du Golfe de Gascogne et des Pyrénées

Tugend, Julie 28 November 2013 (has links)
Les études couplant des observations provenant des marges passives actuelles et d’analogues fossiles ont permis de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d’extension de la lithosphère. Néanmoins, l’évolution spatiale et temporelle des processus de rupture continentale et de formation de croûte océanique reste mal contrainte. Le Golfe de Gascogne et les Pyrénées sont utilisés dans ce travail comme laboratoire naturel pour étudier la formation et la réactivation des systèmes de rift. Le développement et l’application d’une approche terre-mer a permis d’identifier, caractériser et cartographier les domaines de rift formés lors de l’ouverture du Golfe de Gascogne et partiellement intégrés à l’orogène Pyrénéenne. Cette cartographie révèle l’architecture complexe de la limite de plaque Ibérie-Europe résultant d’une évolution fortement polyphasée. Plusieurs systèmes de rift spatialement distincts sont préservés à des stades d’évolution différents. Une segmentation importante partiellement héritée de la structuration prérift contrôle la formation des systèmes de rift ce qui a des implications pour la cinématique régionale. Plusieurs étapes de la déformation compressive ont pu être distinguées et mises en relation avec l’architecture héritée du rift. La réactivation est initiée dans le domaine de manteau exhumé. Après lasubduction de croûte hyper-amincie, la collision continentale est contrôlée par les domaines proximaux et de necking qui jouent le rôle de buttoirs. Ces résultats soulignent l’interaction étroite entre l’héritage pré-rift et l’évolution spatiale des systèmes de rift ainsi que l’importance de l’architecture du rift pour comprendre la formation des orogènes. / Knowledge on lithosphere extensional mechanisms has greatly benefited from studies made both at presentday rifted margins and onshore fossil analogues. Nevertheless, the spatial and temporal evolution of the processes leading to continental break-up and oceanic crust formation remains poorly constrained. The Bay of Biscay and Pyrenees is used in this study as a natural laboratory to investigate the formation and reactivation of rift systems. A new offshore-onshore approach is developed and applied to identify, characterize and map the rift domains inherited from the Bay of Biscay opening and partly integrated into the Pyrenean orogen. This mapping reveals the complex architecture of European-Iberian plate boundary resulting from a strongly polyphased evolution. Several rift systems spatially distinct are preserved at different evolutionary stages. An important segmentation partially inherited from the pre-rift structuration controls the formation of the rift systems, an observation that has important implications for regional kinematic restorations. Several steps in compressional deformation can be distinguished and related to the rift inherited architecture. Reactivation is initiated in the exhumed mantle domain. Following the subduction of hyperthinned crust, continental collision processes are controlled by the proximal and necking domains acting as buttresses. These results emphasize the role of pre-rift inheritance for the spatial evolution of rift systems and the importance of the rift-related architecture to unravel the formation of collisional orogen.
5

Évolution 3D d'un rétro-bassin d'avant-pays : le Bassin aquitain, France / 3D evolution of a retro-foreland basin : the Aquitaine Basin, France

Angrand, Paul 05 December 2017 (has links)
Les bassins d'avant-pays se développent au front des orogènes par flexure de la lithosphère. L'héritage structural et thermique de celle-ci joue un rôle fondamental dans leur évolution et différentes sources peuvent contribuer à la subsidence du bassin. Cette thèse analyse les effets de l'héritage d'un épisode de rift sur un rétro-bassin d'avant-pays qui s'est développé alors que la lithosphère n'avait pas retrouvé son état d'équilibre. Le Bassin Aquitain est le rétro-bassin d'avant-pays pyrénéen qui s'est développé au Campanien-Miocène. L'orogenèse pyrénéenne fait suite à un épisode de rifting Aptien-Cénomanien durant lequel la croûte a été fortement amincie et le manteau sous-continental exhumé. Les effets de l'héritage crustal dus au rift sur l'évolution du bassin sont étudiés par une analyse des structures dans la croûte, du comportement flexural de la plaque européenne et de la distribution des sédiments synorogéniques. L'évolution de la subsidence dans le bassin est étudiée par analyse de subsidence 1D d'après des données de forages. Enfin, les mécanismes d'inversion de la marge européenne sont étudiés par restauration d'une coupe structurale à échelle crustale. Cette étude aide à définir le rôle de l'héritage d'un ancien système de rift sur la mise en place et l'évolution d'un bassin d'avant-pays ainsi que le rôle des différentes sources de subsidence et leurs variations spatio-temporelles. Cette étude démontre également les liens étroits entre l'histoire du rétro-bassin d'avant-pays et les mécanismes et phases d'inversion de la marge hyper-amincie / Foreland basins develop in front of orogens by flexure of the lithosphere. When they initiate over a crust that has been affected by a previous tectonic event, structural and thermal inheritance have a fundamental role in their evolution and different sources may contribute to basin subsidence. The present work analyzes the impact of inheritance from a rifting event on a foreland basin, which develops while thermal reequilibration has not been achieved at the time of loading. The Aquitaine Basin is the Pyrenean retro-foreland basin that developed from Campanian to Miocene. The Pyrenean orogenesis follows an Aptian-Cenomanian rifting during which the continental crust is thinned and sub-continental mantle exhumed. The orogenesis starts only 10 Myr after the end of rifting. The effects of crustal inheritance due to rifting on the evolution of the basin are studied by analyzing crustal structures, flexural behavior of the European plate, and foreland succession distribution. The subsidence evolution of the basin is studied by the 1D backstripping technique using borehole data. Finally, inversion mechanisms of the European margin are studied by cross-section construction and restoration at crustal scale. This study helps to define the role of rift inheritance on the initiation and the evolution of a retro-foreland basin, as well as the relative role of subsidence sources and their variations in space and time. The present work also shows the strong relationship between the retro-foreland basin's history and both mechanism and the history and mechanisms of inversion of a hyper-extended margin

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