The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between state-anxiety and affective expressions in written stories, and receiving or withholding a sad movie and receiving permission to cry in appropriate contexts. Subjects consisted of 124 undergraduate males and females, as well as 34 older males, members of 5 midwestern, nationally affiliated civic clubs.Two independent measures, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form X-1 Only, and selected plates of the Thematic Apperception Tests, were utilized. Four null hypotheses were tested by using separate one-way analysis of variance with an alpha level of .05 for rejection.Findings1. Older males scored significantly higher on state anxiety following a sad movie and cry behaviors than undergraduate males.2. Older males scored significantly higher on post-test measures of state-anxiety than on pre-test measures following a sad movie and cry behaviors.3. Undergraduate males are significantly more skilled in expressing affect in written stories than are older males.4. Older males showed significantly greater gains from pre- to post- test scores in affective skills. 5. Performances of females in the study revealed that, in contrast to male scores, females performed at a significantly higher level in affective expression skills than either of the two male groups. Further, female state-anxiety scores were significantly lower in a sad movie only context, than were their scores for other treatment modalitities.Conclusions1. A target population of older males described in the literature as stereotypically rigid and emotionally constricted, are more emotionally expressive following a sad movie and self-permitted cry behaviors.2. Undergraduate males are much closer to female levels of affective skills than are older males.

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Dissertation (MHSc--Health Science) -- AUT University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (vi, 49 leaves ; 30 cm.) in North Shore Campus Theses Collection (T 616.8914 HAR)

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 23-28). Also available via the Internet.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78). Also available via the Internet.

No description available.

Our experiment is aimed at understanding how employee reactions to negative feedback are received by the feedback provider and how employee gender may play a role in the process. We focus specifically on the act of crying and, based on role congruity theory, argue that a male employee crying in response to negative performance feedback will be seen as atypical behavior by the feedback provider, which will bias evaluations of the employee on a number of different outcome variables, including performance evaluations, assessments of leadership capability, and written recommendations. That is, we expect an interactive effect between gender and crying on our outcomes, an effect that will be mediated by perceived typicality. We find support for our moderated mediation model in a sample of 169 adults, indicating that men who cry in response to negative performance feedback will experience biased evaluations from the feedback provider. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Therapist self-disclosure is an important topic and the literature explains that how a therapist responds to their client can greatly impact the treatment process and therapeutic alliance. One of the ways that therapists respond to their clients is through crying. Although there have been studies that conclude that the majority of therapists do in fact cry in therapy, no studies have tried to understand how this response is perceived by clients. This qualitative study aims to understand the client’s perspective and how therapists’ crying affects the treatment process and therapeutic alliance. The informants in this study were adolescent females who attended a particular therapeutic treatment center. Data was collected through a series of semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed through a grounded theory approach in which open, axial, and selective coding was used. The results from this study indicate that therapists crying in therapy can be perceived as both beneficial and detrimental in regards to the treatment process and therapeutic alliance.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2006. / Includes bibliography.