Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T12:55:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMS.pdf: 4383574 bytes, checksum: 04172fa81fb0f3d2e00439bbeaf3cbd4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:49:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMS.pdf: 4383574 bytes, checksum: 04172fa81fb0f3d2e00439bbeaf3cbd4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:49:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMS.pdf: 4383574 bytes, checksum: 04172fa81fb0f3d2e00439bbeaf3cbd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMS.pdf: 4383574 bytes, checksum: 04172fa81fb0f3d2e00439bbeaf3cbd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The aim of the present work was the study of the viability of a manufacturing route of parts with the Cu-based Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Cu- 11,3Al-3,2Ni-3Mn-0,5Zr through gas atomization followed by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) consolidation. The alloy was prepared from high purity elements in an induction furnace with a concentrate argon flow shield above the molten metal. The atomization was carried out using an induction furnace for melting and argon as atomizer gas. The atomized powder was sieved in 32-106 μm range particles sizes and consolidated by SLM 250 HL device settled at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany. In the consolidation step the best combination of power (P in Watts) and velocity (V in mm/s) were selected through the visual aspect criteria. In the following step the hatching track percentage (S) guided by relative density criteria was included. The atomized powder and the consolidated samples were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The composition and the powder morphology were suitable for the SLM processing. The parameters optimization point out that the best combinations were P310v740S40 and P310v740S50, their relative density were around 97 %. The β’ “zig-zag” martensite phase, the SMA effect cause, was prevailing in the consolidated samples microstructure, still, the microstructure although was not-uniform it was relatively grain refined, pointing out the effect of Zr addition. The consolidated samples transformation temperatures were As=172-174C, Af=194-197C, Ms=156-160C, Mf=132- 138C. The results point to a strong indicative of the viability of a manufacturing route of parts with Cu-based SMA through gas atomization followed by SLM consolidation. / O objetivo da dissertação foi o estudo da viabilidade de uma rota de fabricação de peças com liga Cu-11,3Al-3,2Ni-3Mn-0,5Zr a base de cobre com Efeito de Memória de Forma (EMF) por atomização a gás da liga, seguida pela consolidação por Fusão Seletiva por Laser (FSL). A liga foi elaborada a partir de elementos de alta pureza em forno de indução com proteção de fluxo de argônio concentrado acima do banho. As atomizações foram realizadas com fusão por indução e utilizando argônio como gás de atomização. Os pós, separados na faixa granulométrica 32-106 μm foram consolidados por FSL utilizando o equipamento SLM 250 HL do Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Alemanha. Para consolidação foram selecionadas as melhores combinações de potência (P em W) e velocidade (V em mm/s) do feixe de laser pelo critério de aspecto visual das trilhas simples. Na etapa seguinte foi considerada a porcentagem de sobreposição de pistas (S) avaliada pelo critério de densidade relativa. O pó atomizado e os corpos consolidados por FSL foram caracterizados por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios-X e por calorimetria diferencial de varredura. A composição e a morfologia do pó atomizado foram adequadas para o processo de FSL. A otimização dos parâmetros de processamento indicaram que as melhores combinações foram de P310v740S40 e P310v740S50, com densidade relativa alcançada em torno de 97%. A fase martensítica β’ “zigzag”, responsável pelo EMF, foi predominante nos corpos consolidados por FSL sendo que a microestrutura, embora não uniforme, foi relativamente refinada, indicando o efeito da adição de Zr na composição da liga. As temperaturas de transformação dos corpos consolidados foram de As=172- 174C, Af=194-197C, Ms=156-160C, Mf=132-138C. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da rota de fabricação de peças em ligas a base de cobre com EMF por atomização a gás da liga, seguida pela consolidação por FSL.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T13:32:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA DE FIGUEIREDO LIMA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 3687514 bytes, checksum: 5500c1ad00c05f03476049218f866f46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA DE FIGUEIREDO LIMA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 3687514 bytes, checksum: 5500c1ad00c05f03476049218f866f46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Capes / Diante de futuras perspectivas para utilização de ligas com memória de forma (LMF) a base de CuAlNi e devido ao seu baixo custo e relativa facilidade de fabricação, o estudo de corrosão e permeação por hidrogênio nessas ligas é de extrema importância para a comunidade científica e os diferentes setores da indústria. Este trabalho realizou um estudo de corrosão em ligas LMF do tipo CuAlNi e CuAlNi(MnTi) a diferentes temperaturas a partir do seu estado bruto de fusão e tratadas termicamente; foi também investigado a permeação por hidrogênio na LMF CuAlNi comercial e fabricada em laboratório. O estudo de corrosão foi realizado utilizando-se técnicas eletroquímicas de polarização linear para determinação da resistência à polarização (RP), taxa de corrosão (CR) e corrosimetria em diferentes temperaturas e os resultados obtidos foram comparados para as duas ligas utilizadas. Já o estudo de permeação por hidrogênio, foi realizado pelo método galvanostático-potenciostático e a análise dos parâmetros difusividade, solubilidade e fluxo de permeação do hidrogênio na liga CuAlNi, foi realizada em relação as ligas API 5L X60, 80 e ECT P110. A verificação do efeito memória de forma por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC) foi igualmente realizada, bem como os produtos formados pela corrosão na superfície das amostras e composição química utilizando a Microscopia eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e a Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de corrosão aumentou com a temperatura para a liga bruta de fusão e tratada termicamente. As ligas tratadas termicamente apresentaram um crescimento contínuo de CR desde o início do ensaio devido ao fato de que o resfriamento rápido a partir de altas temperaturas cria um excesso de vacâncias e tensões na microestrutura que acelera os processos corrosivos. As análises de DSC comprovaram que as amostras apresentaram propriedades de memória de forma. Foi possível comprovar a partir das análises MEV e EDS, os pontos de corrosão e sua composição química respectivamente. Finalmente os resultados de permeação por hidrogênio comprovaram uma maior absorção ou solubilidade nestas ligas quando comparadas com alguns aços da classe API. Indicando à princípio, que estes materiais não são indicados para serem utilizados em ambientes ricos em H2. / In view of the future prospects for the use of CuAl Alloys with shape memory (SMA), and due to its low cost and relative ease of manufacture, the study of corrosion and hydrogen permeation in these alloys is extremely important for the scientific community and the different sectors of the industry. In the first case, its chemical stability is evaluated against corrosive environments, and in the second the susceptibility of damage by the absorbed hydrogen. In this way some limits or expansion of application of these alloys may be known. This work aims to perform a corrosion study on SMA alloys of the CuAlNi and CuAlNi (MnTi) type at different temperatures from their melt state and thermally treated; was also investigated the hydrogen permeation in the CuAlNi LMF. The corrosion study was carried out using linear polarization electrochemical techniques to determine polarization resistance (RP), corrosion rate (CR) and corrosimetry at different temperatures. On the other hand, the hydrogen permeation study by the galvanostatic-potentiostatic method and analysis of the parameters diffusivity, solubility and hydrogen permeation flux in the CuAlNi alloy, was evaluated in relation to API alloys 5L X60, 80 and ECT P110. The SMA properties was evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as well as the verification of the products formed by corrosion was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The verification of the chemical composition of the alloys was carried out using Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (DES). The results showed that the corrosion rate increased with the temperature for the raw alloy and heat treated. However it has been found that thermally treated alloys have shown a continuous growth of CR since the start of the test due to the fact that rapid cooling from high temperatures creates an excess of vacancies in the microstructure which accelerates the corrosive processes. The DSC analyzes showed that the samples presented shape memory properties. In addition, it was possible to verify the corrosion points and their chemical composition from the SEM and EDS analyzes. Finally the hydrogen permeation tests were carried out with commercial CuAlNi alloy and prepared in the laboratory. The results showed a higher absorption or solubility of the Hydrogen in these alloys when compared with some API grade steels. This indicates at the outset that these materials are not suitable for use in hydrogen-rich atmospheres.

Martensite-to-Beta transformation temperatures of CuAlNiMn and CuAlNi shape memory alloys has been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In CuAlNiMn alloys, each new betatizing treatment has resulted in randomly varying transformation temperatures on the same specimen and an anomalously diffuse and serrated Martensite-to-Beta transformation peaks in the first cycle. Therefore, as quenched alloy samples were thermally cycled for three times in DSC prior to ageing to obtain thermally stable and reproducible transformation temperatures and to eliminate the anomalous effect of betatizing on the transformation temperatures. CuAlNiMn alloys were aged in martensitic condition at temperatures in the range 80&amp / #61616 / C to 150&amp / #61616 / C for 24 hours to 312 hours ageing periods. Both A_s and A_f temperatures have increased with ageing temperature and time while M_s and M_f temperatures have not changed during martensite ageing. Transformation temperatures of CuAlNi alloys, on the other hand, have not changed during martensite ageing. In this respect, CuAlNiMn alloys were found to be more prone to martensite stabilization than the CuAlNi alloys. Through Transmission Electron Microscope investigation in the Cu-12.6wt%Al-5.9wt%Ni-1.8wt%Mn alloy aged at 150&amp / #61616 / C for 312 hours has revealed no sign of precipitate formation and it has been concluded that the &amp / #65533 / precipitates pinning martensite boundaries&amp / #65533 / mechanism could not be responsible of martensite stabilization. Beta phase ageing of CuAlNiMn alloys at temperatures 200&amp / #61616 / C, 230&amp / #61616 / C, 250&amp / #61616 / C and 270&amp / #61616 / C, have drastically shortened the periods for stabilization to the extent that &amp / #946 / -to-M transformation completely ceases. With regard to the Manganese content, highest Manganese bearing alloy was the one stabilized first and the lowest manganese containing one was the longest lasting alloy during beta phase ageing. Beta stabilization was not observed in any of the four CuAlNi alloys at the end of 96 hours ageing at 200&amp / #61616 / C while beta stabilization was realized after 26, 38 and 11 hours ageing at the same temperature in the three Mn containing alloys studied. In conclusion, on the basis of ageing studies at 200&amp / #61616 / C, with regard to beta stabilization, CuAlNi alloys were found to be more resistant to high temperature ageing than CuAlNiMn alloys. Equilibrium &amp / #947 / _2 and &amp / #945 / phases were observed with coupled-grown lamellar morphologies in Cu-13.6%Al-3.0%Ni alloy aged above 400&amp / #61616 / C.