A Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) objetiva promover a Reforma Sanitária considerando como centrais as relações estabelecidas no cotidiano. Apesar de sua complexidade, a humanização, muitas vezes, é banalizada no cotidiano, mantendo-se como foco apenas a qualidade das relações entre profissionais de saúde e usuários. O âmbito da gestão, incluindo as relações de trabalho, é debatido no campo teórico, mas pouco explorado empiricamente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como a humanização da gestão, a partir do modelo adotado pela política (Cogestão), é considerada e praticada pelos profissionais no cotidiano da Atenção Básica. Delineamos como contexto de análise duas unidades de saúde, uma tradicional (Unidade Básica de Saúde - UBS) e uma com Estratégia Saúde da Família (Núcleo de Saúde da Família - NSF). A construção do corpus foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira, imersão no campo, realizamos observações registrando em notas de campo aspectos importantes do contexto e da interação entre os profissionais. Esta imersão nos forneceu subsídios para a segunda etapa, entrevistas grupais ou individuais, e para análise geral do corpus. Utilizamos roteiro semiestruturado nas entrevistas, construído a partir da análise dos diários de campo para abarcar as especificidades de cada contexto. As conversas foram gravadas em áudio e transcritas na íntegra. A análise dos diários objetivou descrever o modo de funcionamento de cada unidade, e a análise das entrevistas, descrever os sentidos sobre humanização da gestão e os sentidos sobre as práticas que os profissionais identificam como sendo humanização da gestão. Os resultados são apresentados para cada unidade a partir de três focos: o contextual, a dinâmica relacional e a produção de sentidos. Esses aspectos são analisados separadamente, embora na prática estejam imbricados e se retroalimentem. Descrevemos elementos contextuais e relacionais que contribuem ou dificultam a construção (no caso da UBS) ou manutenção (no caso do NSF) de uma cultura participativa e gestão compartilhada. Quanto aos sentidos, em ambos os contextos, a participação na tomada de decisões, o trabalho em equipe e a resolutividade das ações são identificados como sendo gestão humanizada, porém difere o que significam esses aspectos e suas práticas em cada unidade. Concluímos que, para haver uma gestão compartilhada, é necessário trabalhar as relações e o modo como os profissionais constroem sentido sobre elas. Somente criar momentos de conversa coletiva não geram, necessariamente, a participação e a gestão compartilhada, pois o modo como esses espaços irão funcionar depende diretamente da maneira como a equipe compreende e constrói a si mesma. Nossa tese descreve a cultura participativa, aspecto central da gestão compartilhada, como uma construção social, algo que se dá nas relações e na linguagem. Portanto, para se desenvolver um modelo de gestão compartilhada, é necessário trabalhar com os profissionais o processo grupal. A Psicologia Social, os estudos sobre grupos, e, em especial, a epistemologia construcionista social podem oferecer recursos para este trabalho de construção da cultura participativa. Assim, esperamos, com essa pesquisa, contribuir para o incremento da literatura e para a prática da cogestão no contexto da Atenção Básica. / The National Humanization Policy (NHP) goal is to promote the Sanitary Reform focusing the centrality of daily relationships. Despite its complexity, humanization is often understood only as the quality of relationships between health professionals and users, thus undermining its potential. Management issues, including work relations, are debated in the theoretical field but little explored empirically. This research aims to understand how the humanization of management - based on the model adopted by the policy, the Co-management - is considered and practiced by health professionals in the daily work of Primary Care context. Two health units were included in the research, one traditional (Basic Health Unit - BHU) and one with the Family Health Strategy (Family Health Nucleus - FHN). The corpus construction was carried out in two stages. During the first one, immersion in the field, we observed some context aspects and the interaction of health professionals, which were written as field notes. This immersion provided subsidies for the second stage, group or individual interviews, and for general analysis of the corpus. A semi-structured script, which was constructed from the analysis of the field notes to cover each contexts specificities, guided the interviews. The conversations were audio-recorded and full transcribed. The analysis of field notes describes the way each health unit works, and the analysis of interviews describes the meanings about management humanization and the practices identified as such by health professionals. The results are separated for each unit, from three focuses: the contextual, the relational dynamics and the meaning-making process. These aspects are analyzed separately, although in practice they overlap. We describe contextual and relational elements that contribute to or hamper the construction (in the case of BHU) or maintenance (in the case of FHN) of a participatory culture and shared management. In regard of the meanings, in both contexts participation in decision-making, teamwork and actions focused in resolution of demands are identified as humanized management, but what these aspects and practices mean, differ in each context analyzed. We concluded it is necessary, in order to construct a co-management culture, to act on the stablished relationships, and, at the same time, on how professionals understand and signify their practices together. Moments of collective talk do not necessarily generate participation and shared management. It is how these moments work that matters and this will depend directly on how the team understands and builds itself. Our thesis describes participatory culture, a central aspect of co-management, as a social construction, something that occurs in relationships and language. Therefore, in order to develop a co-management model, it is necessary to work the group process involved in daily activities. Social Psychology, group studies, and especially social constructionist epistemology provide resources to work the group process in order to build participatory culture and comanagement. Therefore, we hope to contribute to increase the literature and the practice of co-management in Primary Care context.

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Workplace wellness programs (WWP) were developed to support employees’ health behaviors and well-being. Although physical activity is incorporated into the definition of wellness and is a modifiable behavior that can both reduce the risk for chronic disease and lifestyle-related diseases and enhance health and well-being, performance of physical activity is often overlooked within WWP and the workplace in general. Rather than investigating organizational aspects of the WWP, this grounded theory-based study explored employees’ perceptions concerning how their organization facilitated their participation in physical activity within WWP. To provide a theoretical framework, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) from Ryan and Deci (2000) offered the lens to understand the employees’ motivation to participate in physical activity and Social Ecological Model (SEM) by Bronfenbrenner (1977) described the multiple levels of interaction between the employee and their organizational environment. The employees’ perceptions elucidated their decision-making process. The emergent themes were time management, advantageousness, need for movement, supervisor ambivalence, social / “gregarious” connection, messages from leadership, limited awareness, culture of health, and incentives and reimbursements. Three levels (individual, relational, and organizational) and three facets (barriers, bolsters, and facilitators) illustrated the relationships among these themes. These themes, levels, and facets are exemplified in the grounded theory model. Consequently, six implications for practice were illuminated for organizations to employ for encouraging their employees to join and actively participate in physical activity in the WWP and in the workplace in general, providing better health outcomes for employees and improving the organizations’ bottom line. / Kinesiology

People living in rural America face unique social circumstances that can prevent them from reaching optimal health status. This fact holds especially true in the rural Appalachian region of the United States where income, education, living circumstances, and lack of resources create an environment that has some of the highest rates of morbidity and mortality in the country. While the rest of the country has seen improvement in many health behaviors and health outcomes, rural Appalachian communities remain unchanged and further behind other regions. In many cases, programming and policy have failed to create a culture of health in Appalachia. Social determinants of the area should be included in interventions and this practice is imperative to achieve effectiveness. This study examined the social context and definitions of health in a rural, Appalachian community using the Social Quality Theory as a guiding framework. A community-based participatory research approach was adopted and implemented through the use of focus groups. The study generated many meaningful findings. It not only provided a new framework, but also provides an examination of how a rural, impoverished community lacks the social infrastructure to improve health. Current perceptions of health are limited to thoughts of disease or illness and overshadowed by negative social norms. There are few social resources currently available to improve health and a large presence of cultural impediments. Yet this “culture” also provides some advantages and assets that the community may leverage for change.