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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23722号 / 理博第4812号 / 新制||理||1689(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 小野 輝男, 教授 寺西 利治, 教授 島川 祐一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Le thème principal de cette thèse est la caractérisation des supraconducteurs à haute température critique (SHTc). Dans un premier temps, nous avons présenté des généralités des SHTc. L'utilisation possible dans l'avenir, des SHTc pour le transport de courant, nous a mené à étudier plus particulièrement les pertes en champ propre, donc parcouru par un courant sinusoïdal. Puis nous avons rappelé les calculs de pertes basés sur le modèle de l'état critique Bean pour différentes formes d'échantillon, comme une plaque, un cylindre, un tube cylindrique et un câble SHTc. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons caractérisé des SHTc qui permet d'obtenir les caractéristiques E(J), U(I), Jc(B), et n(B) d'un tube cylindrique SHTc. La caractérisation a été effectuée à l'aide de la méthode électrique. Puis nous avons tenté la compensation du champ magnétique propre du tube par deux méthodes différentes. Ensuite nous avons mesuré la diffusion du champ magnétique dans une plaque SHTc et de la détermination du Jc de la plaque par la mesure de champ de pénétration complète. Dans un dernier temps, nous avons calculé analytiquement des pertes dans un tube SHTc en champ propre, à l'aide du modèle de l'état critique de Bean. Nous avons également montré qu'en champ propre, la pénétration du champ magnétique à l'intérieur du matériau SHTc, se passe en deux temps. Tout d'abord il y a pénétration incomplète du champ magnétique de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur du matériau, puis quand la pénétration est complète, le champ magnétique augmente uniformément dans tout le matériau. Ces résultats de calcul de pertes ont été comparés aux celles mesurées, cette comparaison montre une concordance manifeste. Pour la dernière expérience, nous avons mesuré et analysé des pertes dans une bobine SHTc alimentée en courant sinusoïdal de fréquence 50 Hz. Ces résultats nous ont montré que les pertes dans cette bobine sont principalement les pertes dans le matériau supraconducteur et non les pertes dans la matrice des supraconducteurs / The main of this thesis is the characterization of high critical temperature superconductors (HTS). First, we have presented the generality of the HTS. The possible use in the future, of the HTS for the transport current, involves to study more particularly the losses in self-field, or fed by a sinusoidal current. Then we have recalled the losses calculations based on the Bean model critical state for various forms of the sample, as a plate, a cylinder, a tube cylindrical hollow and an HTS cable. For the second time, we have characterized the HTS which allows make the characteristics E(J), U(I), Jc(B), and n(B) of an HTS tube cylindrical hollow. The characterization has been made by the electrical method. Then we have tried a self-field compensation of an HTS tube by two different methods. After we have measured the magnetic field diffusion in an HTS plate and we have determined its Jc by the magnetic field measurement in complete penetration. In the last time, we have calculated analytically the losses in self-field of the HTS tube, using the Bean model critical state. We have also showed that in self-field, the magnetic field penetration inside the HTS material happens in order. First of all, there is magnetic field incomplete penetration from outside to inside the material, then when the penetration is complete, the magnetic field increase uniformly throughout the material. These losses calculation results have been compared to measurement results, this comparison shows a clear coincidence. For the last experiment, we have measured and analysed the losses in an HTS coils fed by a sinusoidal current 50Hz frequency. These results have showed that the losses of this HTS coils are mainly losses in the superconducting material and not in the superconducting matrix.

abstract: Attaining a sufficiently large critical current density (Jc) in magnetic-barrier Josephson junctions has been one of the greatest challenges to the development of dense low-power superconductor memories. Many experimentalists have used various combinations of superconductor (S) and ferromagnetic (F) materials, with limited success towards the goal of attaining a useful Jc. This trial-and-error process is expensive and time consuming. An improvement in the fundamental understanding of transport through the ferromagnetic layers and across the superconductor-ferromagnetic interface could potentially give fast, accurate predictions of the transport properties in devices and help guide the experimental studies. In this thesis, parameters calculated using density functional methods are used to model transport across Nb/0.8 nm Fe/Nb/Nb and Nb/3.8 nm Ni /Nb/Nb Josephson junctions. The model simulates the following transport processes using realistic parameters from density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation: (a) For the first electron of the Cooper pair in the superconductor to cross the interface- conservation of energy and crystal momentum parallel to the interface (kll). (b) For the second electron to be transmitted coherently- satisfying the Andreev reflection interfacial boundary conditions and crossing within a coherence time, (c) For transmission of the coherent pair through the ferromagnetic layer- the influence of the exchange field on the electrons’ wavefunction and (d) For transport through the bulk and across the interfaces- the role of pair-breaking from spin-flip scattering of the electrons. Our model shows the utility of using realistic electronic-structure band properties of the materials used, rather the mean-field exchange energy and empirical bulk and interfacial material parameters used by earlier workers. [Kontos et al. Phys. Rev Lett, 93(13), 137001. (2004); Demler et al. Phys. Rev. B, 55(22), 15174. (1997)]. The critical current densities obtained from out model for Nb/0.8 nm Fe/Nb is 104 A/cm2 and for Nb/3.8 nm Ni/Nb is 7.1*104 A/cm2. These values fall very close to those observed experimentally- i.e. for Nb/0.8 nm Fe/Nb is 8*103 A/cm2 [Robinson et al" Phys. Rev. B 76, no. 9, 094522. (2007)] and for Nb/3.8 nm of Ni/Nb is 3*104 A/cm2 [Blum et al Physical review letters 89, no. 18, 187004. (2002). This indicates that our approach could potentially be useful in optimizing the properties of ferromagnetic-barrier structures for use in low-energy superconducting memories. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2018

In magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MR-EIT), crosssectional images of a conductivity distribution are reconstructed. When current is injected to a conductor, it generates a magnetic field, which can be measured by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. MR-EIT reconstruction algorithms can be grouped into two: current density based reconstruction algorithms (Type-I) and magnetic flux density based reconstruction algorithms (Type-II). The aim of this study is to implement a series of reconstruction algorithms for MR-EIT, proposed by several research groups, and compare their performance under the same circumstances. Five direct and one iterative Type-I algorithms, and an iterative Type-II algorithm are investigated. Reconstruction errors and spatial resolution are quantified and compared. Noise levels corresponding to system SNR 60, 30 and 20 are considered. Iterative algorithms provide the lowest errors for the noise- free case. For the noisy cases, the iterative Type-I algorithm yields a lower error than the Type-II, although it can diverge for SNR lower than 20. Both of them suffer significant blurring effects, especially at SNR 20. Another two algorithms make use of integration in the reconstruction, producing intermediate errors, but with high blurring effects. Equipotential lines are calculated for two reconstruction algorithms. These lines may not be found accurately when SNR is lower than 20. Another disadvantage is that some pixels may not be covered and, therefore, cannot be reconstructed. Finally, the algorithm involving the solution of a linear system provides the less blurred images with intermediate error values. It is also very robust against noise.

Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) algorithms using current density distribution have been proposed in the literature. The current density distribution can be determined by using Magnetic Resonance Current Density Imaging (MRCDI) technique. In MRCDI technique, all three components of magnetic flux density should be measured. Hence, object should be rotated inside the magnet which is not trivial even for small size objects and remains as a strong limitation to clinical applicability of the technique. In this thesis, 2D MRCDI problem is investigated in detail and an analytical relation is found between Bz, Jx and Jy. This study makes it easy to understand the behavior of Bz due to changes in Jx and Jy. Furthermore, a novel 2D MRCDI reconstruction algorithm using one component of B is proposed. Iterative FT-MRCDI algorithm is also implemented. The algorithms are tested with simulation and experimental models. In simulations, error in the reconstructed current density changes between 0.27% - 23.00% using the proposed algorithm and 7.41% - 37.45% using the iterative FT-MRCDI algorithm for various SNR levels. The proposed algorithm is superior to the iterative FT-MRCDI algorithm in reconstruction time comparison. In experimental models, the classical MRCDI algorithm has the best reconstruction performance when the algorithms are compared by evaluating the reconstructed current density images perceptually. However, the J-substitution algorithm reconstructs the best conductivity image by using J obtained from the proposed algorithm. Finally, the iterative FT-MRCDI algorithm shows the best performance when the reconstructed current density images are verified by using divergence theorem.

abstract: A general continuum model for simulating the flow of ions in the salt baths that surround and fill excitable neurons is developed and presented. The ion densities and electric potential are computed using the drift-diffusion equations. In addition, a detailed model is given for handling the electrical dynamics on interior membrane boundaries, including a model for ion channels in the membranes that facilitate the transfer of ions in and out of cells. The model is applied to the triad synapse found in the outer plexiform layer of the retina in most species. Experimental evidence suggests the existence of a negative feedback pathway between horizontal cells and cone photoreceptors that modulates the flow of calcium ions into the synaptic terminals of cones. However, the underlying mechanism for this feedback is controversial and there are currently three competing hypotheses: the ephaptic hypothesis, the pH hypothesis and the GABA hypothesis. The goal of this work is to test some features of the ephaptic hypothesis using detailed simulations that employ rigorous numerical methods. The model is first applied in a simple rectangular geometry to demonstrate the effects of feedback for different extracellular gap widths. The model is then applied to a more complex and realistic geometry to demonstrate the existence of strictly electrical feedback, as predicted by the ephaptic hypothesis. Lastly, the effects of electrical feedback in regards to the behavior of the bipolar cell membrane potential is explored. Figures for the ion densities and electric potential are presented to verify key features of the model. The computed steady state IV curves for several cases are presented, which can be compared to experimental data. The results provide convincing evidence in favor of the ephaptic hypothesis since the existence of feedback that is strictly electrical in nature is shown, without any dependence on pH effects or chemical transmitters. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Applied Mathematics 2013

The objective of this work is to advance the mechanistic understanding of cathodic electrocoating. These efforts are focused on the initial processes responsible for deposition, which are examined through direct experimentation and simulation. Electrocoating is a global industrial process providing a corrosive resistant base paint to automobile bodies. Presently, empirical models are used to model coating thickness; these models tend to overpredict deposition in occluded areas. Convection is implemented to study the behavior of adhered surface H2 bubbles on the substrate surfaces. The impact of surface H2 bubbles and early e-coat deposition on the local current density is studied using simulations. Results show an increased local current density around surface H2 bubbles and early e-coat deposition influences film growth. When surface H2 bubbles are displaced before sufficient e-coat is deposited the lack of increased local current density slows deposition. However, when sufficient e-coat is deposited and then surface H2 bubbles are displaced, the induction period is unaffected since the early deposition is sufficient to keep the local current density high enough to drive deposition. Solution factors are qualitatively studied using a diluted e-coat dispersion and a anionic exchange membrane cell. Experiments demonstrate a visual change in the solution near the cathode and indicates a coagulation of micelles in this region. Experiments also demonstrate a rise in pH is associated with the induction time, but is not necessary for e-coat deposition. Film resistance is used to understand film growth and film morphology during industrial electrocoating. Interruption experiments demonstrate H2 bubbles may influence film resistance. Film density and resistivity results cannot be completely explained with understood physics, underlining the importance of future resistance studies. These results provide an increased understanding of fundamental processes responsible for initial deposition, which is the foundation needed for advanced physics-based models of the electrocoating process.

Advantage of the single QD active layer is its potential for very low threshold current density, which in turn can produce low internal optical loss. The low threshold current density and low internal loss thus enable a significant increase in laser diode cavity length. Because of the importance of the threshold current density in heatsinking, future technology of broad-area monolithic laser diodes can be implemented. The dissertation describes the development and the unique characteristics of single QD active layer laser with long cavity. The data are presented on single layer QD laser diodes that reach threshold current densities values of 11.7 A/cm2 in a p-up mounted 2 cm long cavity and as low as 10 A/cm2, with CW output power of 2 W in a p-down mounted 1.6 cm long cavity. The 8.8 A/cm2 in a p-down mounted 2 cm long cavity is reported. To our knowledge the value 8.8 A/cm2 is the lowest threshold current density ever reported for a room temperature laser diode. These single layer QD laser diodes reach an internal loss of ~0.25 cm-1, which is also the lowest ever reported for a room temperature laser diode. These unique characteristics of single layer QD and laser diode size are potentially promising for the monolithic mode-locked laser because of relatively high peak power with a low repetition rate that is on the order of a few GHz, which can be the novel device for external clocking in the optical interconnect applications. In this dissertation, the stable optical pulse train in a 40 µm wide stripe with a repetition rate of 3.75 GHz with 1.1 cm cavity length through the passive mode-locked onto the monolithic two-section device fabricated from this single layer QD laser is observed.

We study an inverse problem which seeks to image the internal conductivity map of a body by one measurement of boundary and interior data. In our study the interior data is the magnitude of the current density induced by electrodes. Access to interior measurements has been made possible since the work of M. Joy et al. in early 1990s and couples two physical principles: electromagnetics and magnetic resonance. In 2007 Nachman et al. has shown that it is possible to recover the conductivity from the magnitude of one current density field inside. The method now known as Current Density Impedance Imaging is based on solving boundary value problems for the 1-Laplacian in an appropriate Riemann metric space. We consider two types of methods: the ones based on level sets and a variational approach, which aim to solve specific boundary value problem associated with the 1-Laplacian. We will address the Cauchy and Dirichlet problems with full and partial data, and also the Complete Electrode Model (CEM). The latter model is known to describe most accurately the voltage potential distribution in a conductive body, while taking into account the transition of current from the electrode to the body. For the CEM the problem is non-unique. We characterize the non-uniqueness, and explain which additional measurements fix the solution. Multiple numerical schemes for each of the methods are implemented to demonstrate the computational feasibility.