High intensity cycle ergometer exercise tests are designed to measure power outputs. Most of the tests utilise resistive forces that are based on total-body mass values (TBM). Conceptually, selecting an optimal resistive force based on total-body mass may not be the best approach. Resistive forces that reflect the mass of the lean tissue specifically involved in the performance of the diagnostic task may be more appropriate. To investigate this theory the following studies were proposed. STUDY ONE. To identify the upper body contribution to a cycle ergometer test via the handgrip. STUDY TWO. To examine any differences in power profiles, when loading procedures were based on total-body mass (TBM) or fat-free mass (FFM). STUDY THREE. To investigate the sympathoadrenergic and blood lactate responses, when loading procedures were based on total-bodymass (TBM) or fat-free mass (FFM).STUDY FOUR. To measure blood concentrations of, lipidhydroperoxides (LH), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK)and myoglobin (Mb) that may occur when resistive forces were based on total-body mass (TBM) or fat-free mass (FFM). STUDY ONEIndices of mechanical power output were obtained from twelve subjects during high intensity leg cycle ergometry tests (20 second duration; 75 grams per kilogram total-body mass) using two protocols:one with a standard handle-bar grip (with - grip), and one with supinated wrists (without - grip). Peak mechanical power, mean mechanical power, fatigue index and total mechanical work values were calculated for each subject during each test, and the sample mean differences associated with the two protocols were compared using paired Student t-tests. The with-grip protocol yielded significantly greater peak mechanical power output and greater fatigue index than the without - grip protocol(886 ± 124 W vs 815 ± 151 W, respectively; and 35 ± 10% vs 25 ±8%, respectively ; P < 0.05}. The electrical activity of the anterior forearm musculature was measured in the twelfth subject during the performance of each of the test protocol in an initial attempt to quantify any differences in muscular activity between protocols. While peak mechanical power output was greater during the with - grip protocol,than during the without - grip protocol, the electromyographs showed much greater forearm muscle activity during the with - grip protocol. Thus the protocol which allowed for the greatest measure of peak leg power output was also associated with considerable arm muscle activity. These findings should be considered when blood samples are taken from the arm for the biochemical analysis of cycling tasks. STUDY TWOStudy two compared the maximal exercise performance of 10 men during friction braked cycle ergometry of 20 s duration when resistive forces reflected total-body mass (TBM) or fat-free mass (FFM). Fat mass was calculated from the sum of skinfold thicknesses. Increases(P < 0.05) in peak power output (PPO) were found between TBM and FFM (1015 ± 165 W TBM vs 1099 ± 172 W FFM). Decreases (P <0.05) were observed for the time taken to reach PPO (3.8 ± 1.4 s TBMvs 2.9 ± 1 s FFM). Pedal velocity increased (P < 0.05) during the FFM protocol (129.4 ± 8.2 rpm TBM vs 136.3 ± SrpmFFM). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also (P < 0.05) greater for FFM (18.4 ± 1.6 TBM vs 19.8 ± 0.4 FFM). No changes were found for Mean Power Output (MPO), fatigue index (FI) or Work Done(WD) between trials. These findings suggest that high intensity resistive force loading protocols may need to be reconsidered. Results from this study indicate that the active tissue component of body composition needs consideration in resistive force selection when ascertaining maximal cycle ergometer power profiles. STUDY THREEThe purpose of study three was to compare the sympathoadrenergic and blood lactate responses to maximal exercise performance during 30s cycle ergometry when resistive forces were dependent on total-bodymass (TBM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Correlations (P < 0.05) were recorded between PPOs, and immediate post-exercise noradrenaline concentrations for both the TBM and FFM protocols. Increases (P < 0.05) in the concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and lactate from rest to immediately post exercise were observed for both the TBM and FFM protocols, with decreases in concentration noted (P < 0.05) immediately post to 24 h post exercise (see table 6.3). There were no differences (P > 0.05) recorded between TBM and FFM during any of the blood sampling stages. These results are interesting when we consider that with increases in PPO recorded for the FFM protocol there were no differences between protocols in the estimation of neurophysiological and metabolic stress as determined by plasmaadrenaline, noradrenaline and blood lactate concentrations. STUDY FOUR. Study four compared power outputs, and blood levels of, lipidhydroperoxides (LH), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb) and lactate ([La-]g) following 30 s of maximal cycleergometry exercise when resistive forces were dependent on total-bodymass (TBM) or fat-free mass (FFM). Alpha-tocopherol, Retinol and uric acid concentrations were also measured to quantify the activity of selected antioxidants. Cardiac troponin concentrations (cTnl) were also determined to exclude protein leakage from the myocardium. Increases in CK activity was recorded from rest to immediately post exercise during both the TBM and FFM protocols (P < 0.05 ; P < 0.05 respectively) and decreased from immediately post to 24 h post exercise during the FFM protocol only. LH increased from rest to immediately post exercise for both the TBM and FFM protocol (P < 0.05 ; P < 0.05 respectively) and decreased 24 h post exercise for both protocols. Differences in LH concentrations were also observed immediately post exercise between the TBM and FFM protocols (P < 0.05). Increases in MDA concentrations were recorded from rest to immediately post exercise for TBM (P < 0.05), with a decrease recorded from immediate post to 24 h post exercise. Differences in MDA concentrations were recorded between the TBM and FFM protocol immediately post exercise. Differences in TBM and FFM concentrations were also recorded immediately post exercise for Mb (P < 0.05). Blood lactate values([La~]B) increased (P < 0.05) from rest, to immediately post exercise,and returned to resting values 24 h post exercise for both the TBM and FFM. Alpha-tocopherol and uric acid concentrations decreased from rest to immediately post exercise for both TBM and FFM protocols (P < 0.05 ; P < 0.05 respectively) and increased 24 h post exercise. There were no changes observed in Retinol concentrations for any of the blood sampling stages. The results of the study suggest that greater power outputs are obtainable with significantly less muscle damage and oxidative stress when resistive forces reflect FFM mass during loading procedures. This finding may also be related to better force velocity relationships observed for the FFM protocol, ie more efficient mechanics of movement which may result in less strain, and therefore less internal damage. Findings from the study indicate that procedures that produce greater power values, with no difference in stress response, that are less damaging to muscle tissue and relate to the active tissue during this type of exercise, may need to be explored in preference to loading procedures that include both lean and fat masses.

BACKGROUND: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important predictor for cardiovascular health. VO2max is often calculated using submaximal tests in clinic. Ekblom-Bak (EB-test) test is a new submaximal cycle ergometer test for calculating VO2max based on differences in heart frequency between two different workloads. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the correlation and agreement between the two methods for calculating VO2max; Åstrand cycle test (Å-test) and EB-test. A secondary aim was also to examine VO2max of physiotherapy students in Uppsala. METHODS: The study design was descriptive and comparative. 30 subjects aged 20-30 were recruited by convenience sampling. Both tests were performed during the same session. Agreement and correlation between the two tests was calculated through paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficients respectively. RESULTS: Calculated VO2max for the subjects was on average 3.65 L/min, 52.03 ml/kg/min (EB-test) and 3.38 L/min, 47.97 ml/kg/min (Å-test). The differences between the two tests were statistically significant for both L/min (p = 0.01) and ml/kg/min (p = 0.009). The correlation between the two tests was r = 0.76 (L/min) and r = 0.59 (ml/kg/min) respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows a statistically significant difference between the two submaximal cycle ergometer tests for calculating VO2max. The difference between the two tests is clinically significant and should be considered upon use. Both tests should be used consistently upon evaluating different treatments. Further research in the area is needed.

Considerando que a maioria das clínicas de reabilitação física possui um ciclo ergômetro de uso restrito a membros inferiores, e que o ciclo ergômetro para membros superiores é ainda pouco comercializado e de alto custo, longe do alcance de muitos profissionais envolvidos na reabilitação em nosso país, avaliou-se a necessidade de desenvolver um equipamento que suprisse ambas necessidades. No presente estudo, um aparelho relativamente simples e de baixo custo, capaz de proporcionar meios para o exercício rotativo dos membros superiores e inferiores simultaneamente, foi projetado e construído com materiais de fácil obtenção e preço acessível. O ciclo ergômetro foi confeccionado e calibrado após a adaptação de um torquímetro, onde as medidas foram registradas por um sistema para medição de torque em eixos rotativos por meio de telemetria. Foram realizadas a calibração estática e avaliação dinâmica dos pedais e manípulos, onde os resultados demonstraram que o equipamento desenvolvido é capaz de realizar movimentos independentes de rotação dos membros inferiores ou superiores, isoladamente ou de forma conjunta, permitindo potencializar e ampliar o leque de benefícios gerados pelos aparelhos isolados. Este equipamento poderá ser útil na reabilitação de pacientes com patologias diversas como também para a realização de testes de esforços físicos nos departamentos de reabilitação e academias de ginástica / Considering that most of the physical rehabilitation clinics has a cycle ergometer which use is restrict to the lower limbs and that the cycle ergometer for upper limbs is still a little commercialized and high cost, out of the possibilities of many professionals involved in rehabilitation in our country, it was evaluated the necessity of developing equipment that supplied both necessities. In the present study, a relatively simple and low cost device able to provide ways to the rotatory exercise of both upper and lower limbs simultaneously was projected and constructed with easily obtained accessible price materials. The cycle ergometer was built and gauged after the adaptation of a torquimeter, where the measures were recorded by a rotatory axis torque measure system through telemetry. It was accomplished a static and dynamic calibration on pedals and handles, which results showed that the developed equipment is able to accomplish independent rotation movements for both upper and lower limbs, isolately or entirely, allowing to pontentialize and amplify the list of benefits generated by the isolate devices. This equipment may be useful to rehabilitate patients bearing diverse pathologies as well as to the accomplishment of physical effort tests in rehabilitation departments and gyms

Considerando que a maioria das clínicas de reabilitação física possui um ciclo ergômetro de uso restrito a membros inferiores, e que o ciclo ergômetro para membros superiores é ainda pouco comercializado e de alto custo, longe do alcance de muitos profissionais envolvidos na reabilitação em nosso país, avaliou-se a necessidade de desenvolver um equipamento que suprisse ambas necessidades. No presente estudo, um aparelho relativamente simples e de baixo custo, capaz de proporcionar meios para o exercício rotativo dos membros superiores e inferiores simultaneamente, foi projetado e construído com materiais de fácil obtenção e preço acessível. O ciclo ergômetro foi confeccionado e calibrado após a adaptação de um torquímetro, onde as medidas foram registradas por um sistema para medição de torque em eixos rotativos por meio de telemetria. Foram realizadas a calibração estática e avaliação dinâmica dos pedais e manípulos, onde os resultados demonstraram que o equipamento desenvolvido é capaz de realizar movimentos independentes de rotação dos membros inferiores ou superiores, isoladamente ou de forma conjunta, permitindo potencializar e ampliar o leque de benefícios gerados pelos aparelhos isolados. Este equipamento poderá ser útil na reabilitação de pacientes com patologias diversas como também para a realização de testes de esforços físicos nos departamentos de reabilitação e academias de ginástica / Considering that most of the physical rehabilitation clinics has a cycle ergometer which use is restrict to the lower limbs and that the cycle ergometer for upper limbs is still a little commercialized and high cost, out of the possibilities of many professionals involved in rehabilitation in our country, it was evaluated the necessity of developing equipment that supplied both necessities. In the present study, a relatively simple and low cost device able to provide ways to the rotatory exercise of both upper and lower limbs simultaneously was projected and constructed with easily obtained accessible price materials. The cycle ergometer was built and gauged after the adaptation of a torquimeter, where the measures were recorded by a rotatory axis torque measure system through telemetry. It was accomplished a static and dynamic calibration on pedals and handles, which results showed that the developed equipment is able to accomplish independent rotation movements for both upper and lower limbs, isolately or entirely, allowing to pontentialize and amplify the list of benefits generated by the isolate devices. This equipment may be useful to rehabilitate patients bearing diverse pathologies as well as to the accomplishment of physical effort tests in rehabilitation departments and gyms

<p> In order to investigate possible negative effects of endurance training on muscle strength and power, 10 healthy young men underwent 10 weeks of endurance training. Subjects trained unilaterally on a cycle ergometer so that their opposite leg served as a control. Training consisted of 30 min per day for 3 days per week and progressed to 60 min per day for 5 days per week by the seventh week of training. This volume of endurance training exceeds the upper limits of that normally performed by athletes who compete in power sports. The exercise intensity was initially ~75% of pre-training maximum power output and was increased over time to maintain a training heart rate of 140-160 beats per minute. Endurance, strength, and power variables were assessed in each leg before and after the training period. Measurements included electrically stimulated twitch characteristics of the quadriceps, single-leg V̇O2peak and lactate threshold (Tlac), single-leg take-off vertical jump power indices from a force platform, and maximal leg press strength at a low-(60°/s) and high-velocity (300°/s). Needle biopsies were taken from the quadriceps femoris before and after the training period, and analyzed for fibre-type proportions, fibre area, oxidative enzyme activity and capillary density. Post-training, subjects increased leg V̇O2peak (7%) and Tlac in the trained leg. Leg press strength was unaffected by training. Vertical jump power was not impaired nor were evoked twitches. Following training, there was a decrease in % type IIb and an increase in % type IIa fibres (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in fibre area. Percent fibre area increased for type I and IIa and decreased for type IIb fibres in the trained leg (p<0.05). These data indicate that a 10-week endurance-training program increases aerobic power but does not impair muscle strength or power.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The assessment of ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) is increasingly being utilized to complement traditional cardiorespiratory fitness testing during graded exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses and ventilatory efficiency in obese children during a progressive exercise test to volitional fatigue performed on a treadmill and a cycle ergometer. Fifteen obese male (N=3) and female (N=12) adolescents aged 10 to 18 years were recruited in the study and completed both the treadmill and cycle ergometer trials. Mean age and BMI of the sample was 13.3 years and 38.0 kg/m2, respectively. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory efficiency were determined during both exercise trials. Subsequently, overall VE/VCO2 slope and the slope below and above AT for ventilatory efficiency were compared between the two exercise modes. VO2max was significantly (p<0.05) greater during the treadmill trial (26.09±5.11 ml/kg/min) compared to the cycle ergometer trial (20.71± 4.31 ml/kg/min). The VO2 at anaerobic threshold (AT) was significantly (p<0.05) higher during the treadmill trial, however, the percentage of VO2max at AT was not significantly different between the two modes (treadmill-63.41± 6.29% and cycle ergometer (67.25± 6.99%). While there was no significant difference in the overall VE/VCO2 slope or the VE/VCO2 slope above anaerobic threshold obtained from the two modes, the VE/VCO2 slope below anaerobic threshold was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the treadmill trial (25.06±2.10) compared to the cycle ergometer trial (23.34± 2.12). In our small sample of obese adolescents, we observed a greater VE response for a given VCO2 during treadmill exercise below the anaerobic threshold. The differences observed may be related to a greater activation of muscle afferents during weight bearing exercise in obese adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to predict VO2pak using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and percent fat (PFAT). Subjects were males (n= 60) (PFAT, M SD = 14.4 6.1) and females (n= 67) (PFAT, M SD = 23.4 4.9) with ages ranging from 18 to 33 years. Subjects performed an incremental cycle ergometer protocol and RPE, HR and Vo2 were measured at each stage until VO2 ak was achieved. Mean RPE and HR at the submaximal workload of 100 watts were, (RPE100) M= 12.7 2.6 and (HR100) M= 146.924.7 respectively. Correlations (p< .001) with VO2p. were -.75 (PFAT), -.66 (HR100), -.67 (FIPE100). The multiple correlation using PFAT, HR100, and RPE100 as predictors of VO2pak was .83 (SEE= 5.28 ml-kg BW'smin"). Each predictor contributed to the correlation (p<.01). The results indicate that PFAT combined with exercise responses of RPE and HR provide valid estimates of VO2peak with a relatively small SEE.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_fa_dr_rcla_prot.pdf: 683590 bytes, checksum: 781129a241d3ca2dcd4443ff6f9b3f86 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cinética do consumo de oxigênio (V02) descreve o comportamento respiratório durante a transição repouso-exercício. Os parâmetros derivados dos ajustes (componente lento - CL e constante de tempo - t ou Tau) são utilizados para quantificar a magnitude das alterações ocorridas nesse sistema. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar a influência de diferentes modelos de análise [modelo matemático com três termos exponenciais (Exp3) vs. diferença do V02 entre o sexto e o terceiro minuto de exercício (AVO2 6-3 mm)] na caracterização do CL durante o exercício acima do limiar de lactato (LL) em corrida; 2) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício [corrida em esteira rolante (ER) vs. exercício em bicicleta ergométrica (BE)] no pico do consumo de oxigênio (VO210) e LL (expresso em ml/kg/mim e % VO2pjc) e; 3) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício no tVO2 e no CL da cinética do V02 durante o exercício acima do LL em meninos de 11-12 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças do gênero masculino aparentemente saudáveis e ativos (11,48 l 0,41 anos; 41,38 l 10,45 kg; 147,45 l 6,56 cm), nível maturacional 1 e 2 (pilosidade pubiana) que realizaram dois testes incrementais, um na ER e outro na BÊ para determinação do VO20 e do LL. Para determinação da cinética do VO2 foram realizadas duas transições de 6 minutos em cada ergômetro na intensidade de 75%A [75% A = LL + 0,75 x (VO2pico - LL)]... / The oxygen uptake kinetic (V02) explaian the respiratory behavior during restexercise transition. The parameters from the adjustment (slow component - SC and time constant - t or Tau) are usual to measure the magnitude of the alterations on this structure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to verify the influence of the two different mathematical models [three-exponential model (Exp3) and AVO2 6-3 mm] on the SC of V02 in children during running exercise, performed at above lactate threshold intensity domain (75%A); 2) to verify the effects of exercise mode (running x cycling) on the indexes related to aerobic fitness (VO2peak and blood lactate response to exercise); 3) to verify the effect of the exercise mode (running x cycling) on the tVO2 and the SC of the VO2 in children aged 11 to 12 years during above lactate threshold intensity exercise (75%). Twenty apparently healthy active boys (age = 11,48 l 0,41 years; body mass = 41,38 l 10,45 kg; hemght = 147,45 l 6,56 cm), sexual maturation levels 1 and 2 (pubic hair) took part of this study. These children performed in different days on a motorized treadmill (TM) and on a cycle ergometer (CE) the following tests: 1) an incremental test in order to determine the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the LT and; 2) a series of square-wave transitions of 6-min \- 02peak - iJ1) 111 OTT 'Lo Õe'Lerffilne Yne V02 kinetics (tVO2 and SC). The SC values determined by model Exp3 (129,69 l 75,71 mi/min and 8,4 l 2,92 %) were higher than values determined by model VO2 6-3 mm (68,69 l 102,54 mi/min and 3,6 l 7,34%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Benedito Sérgio Denadai / Banca: Mara Patrícia T. Chacon-Mikahil / Banca: Miguel de Arruda / Banca: Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo / Banca: Emerson Franchini / Resumo: A cinética do consumo de oxigênio (V02) descreve o comportamento respiratório durante a transição repouso-exercício. Os parâmetros derivados dos ajustes (componente lento - CL e constante de tempo - t ou Tau) são utilizados para quantificar a magnitude das alterações ocorridas nesse sistema. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar a influência de diferentes modelos de análise [modelo matemático com três termos exponenciais (Exp3) vs. diferença do V02 entre o sexto e o terceiro minuto de exercício (AVO2 6-3 mm)] na caracterização do CL durante o exercício acima do limiar de lactato (LL) em corrida; 2) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício [corrida em esteira rolante (ER) vs. exercício em bicicleta ergométrica (BE)] no pico do consumo de oxigênio (VO210) e LL (expresso em ml/kg/mim e % VO2pjc) e; 3) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício no tVO2 e no CL da cinética do V02 durante o exercício acima do LL em meninos de 11-12 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças do gênero masculino aparentemente saudáveis e ativos (11,48 l 0,41 anos; 41,38 l 10,45 kg; 147,45 l 6,56 cm), nível maturacional 1 e 2 (pilosidade pubiana) que realizaram dois testes incrementais, um na ER e outro na BÊ para determinação do VO20 e do LL. Para determinação da cinética do VO2 foram realizadas duas transições de 6 minutos em cada ergômetro na intensidade de 75%A [75% A = LL + 0,75 x (VO2pico - LL)]... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The oxygen uptake kinetic (V02) explaian the respiratory behavior during restexercise transition. The parameters from the adjustment (slow component - SC and time constant - t or Tau) are usual to measure the magnitude of the alterations on this structure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to verify the influence of the two different mathematical models [three-exponential model (Exp3) and AVO2 6-3 mm] on the SC of V02 in children during running exercise, performed at above lactate threshold intensity domain (75%A); 2) to verify the effects of exercise mode (running x cycling) on the indexes related to aerobic fitness (VO2peak and blood lactate response to exercise); 3) to verify the effect of the exercise mode (running x cycling) on the tVO2 and the SC of the VO2 in children aged 11 to 12 years during above lactate threshold intensity exercise (75%). Twenty apparently healthy active boys (age = 11,48 l 0,41 years; body mass = 41,38 l 10,45 kg; hemght = 147,45 l 6,56 cm), sexual maturation levels 1 and 2 (pubic hair) took part of this study. These children performed in different days on a motorized treadmill (TM) and on a cycle ergometer (CE) the following tests: 1) an incremental test in order to determine the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the LT and; 2) a series of square-wave transitions of 6-min \- 02peak - iJ1) 111 OTT 'Lo Õe'Lerffilne Yne V02 kinetics (tVO2 and SC). The SC values determined by model Exp3 (129,69 l 75,71 mi/min and 8,4 l 2,92 %) were higher than values determined by model VO2 6-3 mm (68,69 l 102,54 mi/min and 3,6 l 7,34%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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