abstract: The Juglandaceae (walnuts, hickories, pecans) has one of the best-documented fossil records in the Northern Hemisphere. The oldest modern genus, Cyclocarya, today restricted to China, first appears in the late Paleocene (57 ma) of North Dakota, USA. Unlike walnuts and pecans that produce edible fruits dispersed by mammals, Cyclocarya fruits are small nutlets surrounded by a prominent circular wing, and are thought to be wind- or water-dispersed. The current study provides the first evidence that fossil fruits were different from modern forms in the number and organization of their attachment to reproductive branches, and in their anatomical structure. Unlike the modern genus that bears separate pistillate and staminate flowers the fossil fruits had attached pollen-bearing structures. Unisexual pollen catkins are also present, suggesting the fossil Cyclocarya may have differed from its modern relative in this feature. Like several other plants from the late Paleocene Almont/Beicegel Creek floras, Cyclocarya shows a mosaic combination of characters not seen in their modern counterparts. Fossils were collected from the field, and examined for specimens exposed on the weathered rock surface. Specimens from Almont were photographed with reflected light, while those from Beicegel Creek cut into slabs and prepared by etching the rock matrix in 49% hydrofluoric and re-embedding the exposed plant material in cellulose acetate and acetone to make "peels". Selected specimens are cut out, mounted on microscope slides, and studied with light microscopy. These fossil fruits were studied because they are the earliest fossil evidence of Cyclocarya. They are exceptionally preserved and thus provide critical structural evidence for changes in that occurred during the evolution of plants within this lineage. Because Cyclocarya fruits are winged, they might be assumed to be wind-dispersed. Their radial symmetry does not have the aerodynamic qualities typical of wind-dispersed fruits, and may have been dispersed by water. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Plant Biology 2010